Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Subsectio: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Infraclassis: Aves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Parvordo: Corvida
Superfamilia: Corvoidea
Familia: Aegithinidae
Genus: Aegithina
Species: Aegithina viridissima
Subspecies: A. v. thapsina - A. v. viridissima
Name
Aegithina viridissima (Bonaparte, 1850)
References
Bonaparte, 1850 Conspectus generum avium 1 p.397
Vernacular names
English: Green Iora
español: Iora verde
français: Iora émeraude
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Daun Bakau
The green iora (Aegithina viridissima) is a species of bird in the family Aegithinidae. It is found in the Thai-Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. Its habitats include lowland forests, secondary forest and mangrove forest. It is threatened by habitat loss, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed it as near-threatened.
Taxonomy
This species was described as Jora viridissima by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1850.[2] Harry C. Oberholser described subspecies Aegithina viridissima thapsina from the Anamba Islands in 1917, noting its larger size and yellower plumage.[3] These two subspecies are recognised by the IOC World Bird List,[4] while Aegithina viridissima nesiotica described by Oberholser in 1912 is now included in the nominate subspecies.[5]
Description
The green iora is 12–14 cm (4.7–5.5 in) long.[6] The male has black lores and bright yellow "eyelids" (a broken eye-ring).[6][7] The face and upperparts are dark olive. The wings are black, with two white wing-bars on the covert feathers and olive-yellow margins on the flight feathers. The underparts are also dark olive, with lighter flanks and a yellow centre belly. The tail is black. The eyes are dark to red brown, the beak is grey-blue, and the feet are slaty blue. The female has yellow lores and a complete eye-ring. The upperparts and tail are medium olive. The wings are similar to those of the male but are washed olive, and the wing-bars are yellow instead. The underparts are olive green, with a yellow tint on the centre belly. The juvenile bird is similar to the female, but is paler.[7]
Distribution and habitat
This species is found in Tenasserim, the Thai-Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and some small neighbouring islands, and it is locally extinct in Singapore. It lives in the canopy of lowland forests up to 820 m (2,690 ft) in elevation, and is also found in tall secondary forest, peat swamp forest and mangrove forest.[7]
Behaviour
This iora often occurs in pairs or small groups. It feeds on invertebrates, regularly joining mixed-species foraging flocks. The contact call is a whining, descending ji-sheur or ji-wier, and a ji-jirijiri-jeh mating call has been recorded. The green iora is usually sociable, but intense fighting has also been observed. Breeding has been recorded in April and May. The cup-shaped nest is built on a tree 8–12 m (26–39 ft) above the ground. Both the male and female incubate the eggs, and nestlings are brooded in rainy weather. Moulting has been recorded in July and August.[7]
Status
The population is probably declining because of habitat loss caused by logging and land conversion. The IUCN Red List has assessed it as a near-threatened species.[1]
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Aegithina viridissima". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22707440A94124098. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22707440A94124098.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1850). Conspectus generum avium (in Latin). 1. p. 397.
Oberholser, Harry C. (1917). "The birds of the Anamba Islands". Bulletin of the United States National Museum (98): 40–41.
Gill, F.; Donsker, D. (eds.). "Bristlehead, butcherbirds, woodswallows, ioras, cuckooshrikes". IOC World Bird List Version 8.1. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
Wells, D. R.; Dickinson, E. C.; Dekker, R. W. R. J. (2003). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 34. A preliminary review of the Aegithinidae". Zoologische Verhandelingen. 344: 7–15. ISSN 0024-1652.
Myers, Susan (2016). Wildlife of Southeast Asia. Princeton University Press. p. 112. ISBN 9781400880720.
Wells, David R. (2010). The Birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula. 2. Bloomsbury. pp. 114–115. ISBN 9781408133132.
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