Actitis macularius

Actitis macularius (Information about this image)

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Subsectio: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Euornithes
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Ornithurae
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Ordo: Charadriiformes
Subordo: Charadrii

Familia: Scolopacidae
Genus: Actitis
Species: Actitis macularius
Name

Actitis macularius (Linnaeus, 1766)
Synonyms

Tringa macularia (protonym)
Actitis macularia (orth. err.)

References

Systema Naturae 1 (1): 249, nº 7

Vernacular names
български: Петнист кюкавец
brezhoneg: Bistroll brizhellek
català: Xivitona maculada
čeština: Oisík americký
Cymraeg: Pibydd brych
dansk: Plettet mudderklire
Deutsch: Drosseluferläufer
Ελληνικά: Κηλιδωτός Ακτίτης
English: Spotted Sandpiper
Esperanto: Punkta tringo
español: Andarríos Maculado
eesti: Ameerika vihitaja
euskara: Xivitona maculada
فارسی: یلوه خالمخالی
suomi: Amerikansipi
føroyskt: Flekkustelkur
français: Chevalier grivelé
Gaeilge: Gobadán Breac
galego: Bilurico maculado
Avañe'ẽ: Mbatui mbatara
עברית: בצנית ברודה
Kreyòl ayisyen: Bekasin zèl tranble
magyar: Pettyes billegetőcankó
íslenska: Dílastelkur
italiano: Piro-piro macchiato
日本語: アメリカイソシギ
lietuvių: Demetasis krantinis tilvikas
latviešu: Amerikas upes tilbīte
Nederlands: Amerikaanse oeverloper
norsk nynorsk: Flekksnipe
norsk: Flekksnipe
Diné bizaad: Tábąąsdísí áłtsʼíísí
oj: ᒋᑕᐁ,ᒐᒐᑲᔐᒧᑎᓇᓀᓹ
polski: Brodziec plamisty
português do Brasil: Maçarico-pintado
português: Maçarico-maculado
Runa Simi: Muyusiki
rumantsch: Privaun ticlà
русский: Пятнистый перевозчик
slovenčina: Kalužiačik škvrnitý
slovenščina: Ameriški mali martinec
svenska: Fläckdrillsnäppa
Türkçe: Benekli düdükçün
中文: 斑腹矶鹬

The spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularius) is a small shorebird. The genus name Actitis is from Ancient Greek aktites, "coast-dweller", derived from akte, "coast", and macularius is Latin from macula, "spot".[2]

Together with its sister species the common sandpiper (A. hypoleucos), it makes up the genus Actitis. They replace each other geographically; stray birds may settle down with breeders of the other species and hybridize.
Distribution

Spotted sandpipers are a philopatric species.[3] Their breeding habitat is near fresh water across most of Canada and the United States. They migrate to the southern United States, the Caribbean, and South America, and are very rare vagrants to western Europe. These are not gregarious birds, and are seldom seen in flocks. Spotted sandpipers are the most widespread species of their kind in North America due to their high breeding rates and their ability to adapt to various environmental pressures.[3]

Spotted sandpiper call
Description
'Record shot' of Spotted Sandpipers at Île Sainte-Hélène in Montreal, Canada, showing diagnostic features such as the all-brown back & tail (i.e. no black, unlike many other sandpipers), white leading and trailing edge to the wings, partial white wingbar, and white edging to tail.

Adults have short yellowish legs and an orange bill with a dark tip. The body is brown on top and white underneath with black spots. These spots vary in degree over the course of spotted sandpipers' lives, becoming especially prevalent around the breeding season. The overall health of spotted sandpipers may be suggested by the "spottiness" of an individual. Generally, females with more "spottiness" were healthier than those who did not have as many spots. The condition of males based on the amount of spots they exhibit is yet to be determined. Additionally, spot size gets smaller and the spot shape becomes more irregularly shaped as age increases. Spotted sandpipers also feature a white supercilium.[4]

Non-breeding birds, depicted below, do not have the spotted underparts, and are very similar to the common sandpiper of Eurasia; the main difference is the more washed-out wing pattern visible in flight and the normally light yellow legs and feet of the spotted sandpiper. The Actitis species have a distinctive stiff-winged flight low over the water. They also have a distinctive walk in which their tails bob up and down. Males and females exhibit similar physical measurements, but differ in weight; females tend to be about 20-25% heavier than males.[3]

Measurements:[5]

Length: 7.1-7.9 in (18–20 cm)
Weight: 1.2-1.8 oz (34-50 g)
Wingspan: 14.6-15.8 in (37–40 cm)

Breeding

Breeding grounds are chosen based on various environmental factors, but tend to be in the proximity of bodies of water that offer some coverage from vegetation. Successful breeding sites may be used repeatedly until either the site becomes physically unsuitable (from overgrown vegetation or flooding) or predation becomes too severe. The females usually arrive at breeding grounds before the males do and establish their territories. Males arrive to breeding sites later, but it is uncertain whether or not they will arrive to the same breeding sites that some females have chosen.[6] The search for mates amongst female spotted sandpipers is much more competitive than finding potential mates is for males.[3]

During each summer breeding season, females may mate with and lay clutches for more than one male, leaving incubation to them. This is called polyandry. Male spotted sandpipers take care of the offspring, both before and after the offspring hatch. They will incubate their eggs for about 20–23 days.[3] Male parents of first clutches may father chicks in later male's clutches, probably due to sperm storage within female reproductive tracts, which is common in birds. Females that fail to find additional mates usually help incubate and rear chicks. "Prior to incubation, blood plasma concentrations of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are substantially higher in males than in females" and these levels plummet 25-fold in males as incubation proceeds.[7] Additionally, mated females have testosterone concentrations that are 7 times higher than those of unmated females.[7] Due to their polyandrous behavior, spotted sandpipers tend to produce more offspring compared to other species of sandpipers.[6]
Diet

These birds forage on ground or water, picking up food by sight. They may also catch insects in flight. They eat insects, crustaceans and other invertebrates. As they forage, they can be recognized by their constant nodding and teetering.
Predators

The main predators of spotted sandpipers include raptors, mustelids, mice, and gulls. Most of these predators target the sandpipers' chicks and eggs.[8]
Conservation

Although there has been some decline in the population of spotted sandpipers, their conservation status is currently of least concern. However, the decrease of spotted sandpipers is not projected to slow or stop in the future. The destruction of their natural habitats due to increasing wildfires causes problems for breeding and raising offspring. Additionally, the gradual increase in temperatures poses a problem for newborn sandpipers.[9]

References

BirdLife International (2012). "Actitis macularius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 31, 236. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Blizard, Misha; Pruett-Jones, Stephen (2017-04-01). "Plumage pattern dimorphism in a shorebird exhibiting sex-role reversal (Actitis macularius)Dimorfismo en los patrones del plumaje en un ave playera con roles sexuales invertidos (Actitis macularius)Reversed sexual dimorphism in a melanized plumage pattern". The Auk. 134 (2): 363–376. doi:10.1642/AUK-16-96.1. ISSN 0004-8038.
Currie, Dave; Wunderle, Joseph; Freid, Ethan; Ewert, David; Lodge, D. Jean (2019). The Natural History of The Bahamas: A Field Guide. Cornell University Press. pp. 291–386.
"Spotted Sandpiper Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
Oring, Lewis W.; Lank, David B.; Maxson, Stephen J. (1983-04-01). "Population Studies of the Polyandrous Spotted Sandpiper". The Auk. 100 (2): 272–285. doi:10.1093/auk/100.2.272. ISSN 0004-8038.
Nelson RJ. 2005. Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology. Sinauer Associates: Massachusetts. p 115.
Alberico, Julie A. R.; Reed, J. Michael; Oring, Lewis W. (1 October 1991). "Nesting near a Common Tern Colony Increases and Decreases Spotted Sandpiper Nest Predation". The Auk. 108 (4): 904–910.

International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (2016-10-01). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Actitis macularius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2020-11-23.