Pollicipes pollicipes

Pollicipes pollicipes, Photo: Michael Lahanas

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Cladus: Pancrustacea
Superclassis: Multicrustacea
Classis: Thecostraca
Subclassis: Cirripedia
Superordo: Thoracica
Superordine: Thoracicalcarea
Ordine: Pollicipedomorpha

Familia: Pollicipedidae
Genus: Pollicipes
Species: Pollicipes pollicipes
Name

Pollicipes pollicipes (Gmelin, 1791): 3213
Original genus: Lepas
Type locality:
Typus:
Distribution: British Isles, to Mediterranean, North Africa
ZooBank: 040DAC37-1FF5-4369-AC81-5F7866DD1C01

Synonyms

Lepas gallorum Spengler, 1790: [215]
Synonymized in Darwin, 1852: 298
ZooBank: 177B8604-BEE8-4F8B-94A0-DC5F2619EB36
Pollicipes cornucopia Leach, 1824: 170
Synonymized in Pilsbry, 1907: 5
ZooBank: 54AE8BC2-EF2C-4394-91BB-636A2E9B46AF
Pollicipes smythii Leach, 1824: 170
Synonymized in Darwin, 1852: 298
Type locality: Tenerife
ZooBank: CCA0C807-AA6B-4A52-AAF3-B1B7A71AF04C
Vaucheria tingitana Pallary, 1904:
Synonymized in Pilsbry, 1907: 5
ZooBank: 9ADD6BFA-B6A1-44F6-928F-E8F9FA5F05D3

References

Gmelin, J.F. 1791. Caroli a Linné systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I, Pars VI. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. - pp. 3021–3910. Lipsiae. (Beer). DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.545 BHL Reference page. [See p. 3213, original description as Lepas pollicipes]; NOTE: This is Gmelin, 1789 of authors; publication date is really 1791

Darwin, C. 1852. A monograph on the sub-class Cirripedia with figures of all species. Vol. 1 The Lepadidae or Pedunculated Cirrepedes. Ray Society. BHL Reference page. [See P. 298, as Pollicipes cornucopia]
Hopkinson, J. 1907. Dates of publication of the separate parts of Gmelin's Edition (13th) of the 'Systema Naturæ' of Linnæus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 77: 1035–1036. Open access BHL Reference page. [Dates of publication for Gmelin]
Leach, W.E. 1824. Cirripedes. Pp 168–171, pl. 57 In: Encyclopedia Brittanica, supplement to editions 4–6, 3(1). Hathitrust Reference page. [See p. , as Pollicipes cornucopia, and Pollicipes smythii]
Pallary, P.M. 1904. Quatrième contribution a l'étude de la faune malacologique du Norde-Ouest de l'Afrique. (Deuxième supplément à la Faune malacologique du Maroc d'Arthur Morelet). pp 5–58 in Journal de Conchyliologie, 5th series, Tome 6, vol. 52, 398 pp. Paris. Open access BHL Reference page. [See p.
Pilsbry, H.A. 1907: The barnacles (Cirripedia) contained in the collections of the U.S. National Museum. Bulletin -- United States National Museum 60: 1–122. BHL Reference page. [See p. 5, as Mitella pollicipes, generic re-assignment]

Pollicipes pollicipes, known as the goose neck barnacle, goose barnacle or leaf barnacle is a species of goose barnacle, also well known under the taxonomic synonym Pollicipes cornucopia. It is closely related to Pollicipes polymerus, a species with the same common names, but found on the Pacific coast of North America,[4] and to Pollicipes elegans a species from the coast of Chile.[2] It is found on rocky shores in the north-east Atlantic Ocean and is prized as a delicacy, especially in the Iberian Peninsula.[5]
Distribution

Pollicipes pollicipes is chiefly distributed from 48°N to 28°N, along the coasts of France, Spain (including the Canary Islands), Portugal, Morocco, and south to Senegal.[5] The periphery of the species' range also extends as far north as Ireland, with outlying populations on the south coast of England and possibly in southwestern Ireland,[3] although there are no recent records there.[6] The species is present, but rare, in the Mediterranean Sea.[7] It is possible that the outlying populations are not self-sustaining, being instead maintained by immigration of larvae from self-sustaining core populations.[8]

A population disjunctly located around the tropical Cape Verde Islands at about 16°N was described in 2010 as a new species, Pollicipes caboverdensis.[9]
Ecology

Pollicipes pollicipes grows in groups on rocks, as well as on the hulls of shipwrecks and on driftwood.[3] It is a filter feeder, living on particles that it can glean from the water passing over its extended cirri; these possess a complex assortment of setae, enabling P. pollicipes to have a varied diet, including diatoms, detritus, large crustaceans, copepods, shrimp and molluscs.[10]

The larvae pass through seven free-swimming stages (six nauplii and one cypris) over the course of at least a month.[11] After this time, they settle into the adult, sessile form.

Pollicipes pollicipes is harvested for consumption in many parts of its range, mostly for the Spanish market, where (marketed as percebe gallego) it may sell for as much as €90 per kilogram.[5] As a result, the species is thought to be in decline.[7] It is harvested manually, and archaeological evidence suggests that the species has been harvested in this way for over 10,000 years.[12]
Goose neck barnacles as served in a Madrid restaurant
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pollicipes pollicipes.

Alan Southward (December 21, 2004). "Pollicipes pollicipes (Gmelin, 1789)". European Register of Marine Species. MarBEF Data System.
Charles Darwin (1851). A monograph on the sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. Ray Society.
M. K. S. Barnes (February 10, 2009). "A stalked barnacle – Pollicipes pollicipes". Marine Life Information Network for Britain & Ireland. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on December 23, 2012.
Melissa McFadden, Hans Helmtetler & Dave Cowles (2007). "Mitella polymerus (Sowerby, 1833)". Walla Walla University. Archived from the original on 2012-02-13.
J. Molares & J. Freire. "Fisheries and management of the goose barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes of Galicia (NW Spain)".[permanent dead link]
Dan Minchin (2007). "A checklist of alien and cryptogenic aquatic species in Ireland" (PDF). Aquatic Invasions. 2 (4): 341–366. doi:10.3391/ai.2007.2.4.4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-19. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
Teresa Cruz (2000). Biologia e ecologia do percebe Pollicipes pollicipes (Gmelin, 1790) no litoral sudoeste português (PDF) (in Portuguese). Universidade de Évora. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-18.
Thomas Carefoot (1977). Pacific Seashores. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-88894-121-8.
J. N. Fernandes; T. Cruz & R. Van Syoc (2010). "Pollicipes caboverdensis sp. nov. (Cirripedia: Lepadomorpha), an intertidal barnacle from the Cape Verde Islands" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2557: 29–38. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2557.1.3. hdl:10961/1535.
B. K. K. Chan, A. Garm & J. T. Høeg (2008). "Setal morphology and cirral setation of thoracican barnacle cirri: adaptations and implications for thoracican evolution". Journal of Zoology. 275 (3): 294–306. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00441.x. Archived from the original on 2012-06-05.
J. Molares, F. Tilves & C. Pascual (1994). "Larval development of the pedunculate barnacle Pollicipes cornucopia (Cirripedia: Scalpellomorpha) reared in the laboratory". Marine Biology. 120 (2): 261–264. doi:10.1007/BF00349686.
Esteban Álvarez-Fernández, Roberto Ontañón-Peredo & José Molares-Vila (2010). "Archaeological data on the exploitation of the goose barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes (Gmelin, 1790) in Europe". Journal of Archaeological Science. 37 (2): 402–408. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.10.003.