Peracarida

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Superclassis: Multicrustacea
Classis: Malacostraca
Subclassis: Eumalacostraca
Superordo: Peracarida
Ordines: Amphipoda - Cumacea - Ingolfiellida - Isopoda - Lophogastrida - Mictacea - Mysida - Spelaeogriphacea - Stygiomysida - Tanaidacea - Thermosbaenacea

Name

Peracarida Calman, 1904
References

Anderson, G. (2010). Peracarida Taxa and Literature (Cumacea, Lophogastrida, Mysida, Stygiomysida and Tanaidacea) Accessed: 2010–02-05
Calman, W.T. (1904). On the Classification of the Crustacea Malacostraca The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology, 13 (74):144-158
Martin, J.W. & Davis, G.E., (2001). An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea. Science Series 39, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Ranzenkrebse
中文: 囊虾总目

The superorder Peracarida is a large group of malacostracan crustaceans, having members in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. They are chiefly defined by the presence of a brood pouch, or marsupium, formed from thin flattened plates (oostegites) borne on the basalmost segments of the legs.[2] Peracarida is one of the largest crustacean taxa and includes about 12,000 species. Most members are less than 2 cm (0.8 in) in length,[3] but the largest is probably the giant isopod (Bathynomus giganteus) which can reach 76 cm (30 in). The earliest known perecaridian was Oxyuropoda ligioides, a fossil of which has been found dating to the Late Devonian (more than 360 mya) of Ireland.[4]
Characteristics
General bauplan of a peracarid mandibula: 1. Molar process; 2. Spine row; 3. Lacinia mobilis; 4. Incisor process; 5. Palp

The most obvious characteristic of the group is the marsupium in females. This brood pouch is enclosed by the large, flexible oostergites, bristly flaps which extend from the basal segments of the thoracic appendages, which form the floor of a chamber roofed by the animal's sternum. This chamber is where the eggs are brooded, development being direct in most cases.[3] Other characteristics include the possession of a single pair of maxillipeds (rarely 2–3), of mandibles with an articulated accessory process between the molar and incisor teeth in the adults (called the lacinia mobilis), and of a carapace which is often reduced in size and is not fused with the posterior thoracic somites.[5] In some orders, the young hatch at a post-larval, prejuvenile stage called a manca which lacks the last pair of legs.[5] In the underground order Thermosbaenacea, there are no oostergites and the carapace of the female is expanded to form a dorsal marsupium.[3]
Orders

There is some disagreement as to which orders should be included within Peracarida. Martin & Davies include the following eleven orders:[6]

Amphipoda Latreille, 1816
Cumacea Krøyer, 1846
Isopoda Latreille, 1817
Lophogastrida Sars, 1870
Mictacea Bowman, Garner, Hessler, Iliffe & Sanders, 1985
Mysida Haworth, 1825
†Pygocephalomorpha Beurlen, 1930 (only known from fossil remains)
Spelaeogriphacea Gordon, 1957
Tanaidacea Dana, 1849
Thermosbaenacea Monod, 1927

but Ruppert, Fox and Barnes exclude Thermosbaenacea and place it in a separate order, Pancarida. They also place Lophogastrida, Mysida and Pygocephalomorpha in a single order, Mysidacea.[3] This arrangement is disputed by Meland and Willassen who found that molecular data shows that the three orders are not closely related.[7]
References

W. T. Calman (1904). "On the Classification of the Crustacea Malacostraca". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 13 (74): 144–158. doi:10.1080/00222930408562451.
G. C. B. Poore (2002). "Superorder: Peracarida Calman, 1905". Crustacea: Malacostraca. Syncarida, Peracarida: Isopoda, Tanaidacea, Mictacea, Thermosbaenacea, Spelaeogriphacea. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 19.2A. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-0-643-06901-5.
Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S.; Barnes, R. D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition. Cengage Learning. pp. 651–652. ISBN 978-81-315-0104-7.
Robin, N.; Gueriau, P.; Luque, J.; Jarvis, D.; Daley, A. C.; Vonk, R. (2021). "The oldest peracarid crustacean reveals a Late Devonian freshwater colonization by isopod relatives". Biology Letters. The Royal Society. 17 (6): 20210226. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.04.25.441336. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2021.0226. ISSN 1744-957X. PMC 8205522. PMID 34129798.
"Peracarida". Guide to the marine zooplankton of south eastern Australia. Tasmanian Aquaculture & Fisheries Institute. June 2008. Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
Martin, J. W. & G. E. Davis (2001). An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea (PDF). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. pp. 132 pp.
Meland, K.; Willassen, E. (2007). "The disunity of "Mysidacea" (Crustacea)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44 (3): 1083–1104. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.009. PMID 17398121.