Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Classis: Arachnida
Subclassis: Acari
Superordo: Parasitiformes
Ordines (4): Holothyrida - Ixodida - Mesostigmata - Opilioacarida
Name
Parasitiformes Reuter, 1909
References
Beaulieu, F., Dowling, A.P.G., Klompen, H., de Moraes, G.J. & Walter, D.E. 2011. Superorder Parasitiformes Reuter, 1909. Pp 123–128 In
Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) 2011. Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 1–237. Open access. Reference page Reference page.
Karg, W.; Schorlemmer, A. 2008: Origin and classification of the Ixodides (ticks) within the Parasitiformes Reuter 1909 (Acarina). Acarologia, 48 (3-4): 123–134.
Karg, W. & Schorlemmer, A. 2011: New insights into the systematics of Parasitiformes (Acarina) with new species from South America. Acarologia 51(1): 3-29. DOI: 10.1051/acarologia/20111995 Open access. Reference page.
Klompen, H.; Lekveishvili, M.; Black, W.C., IV 2007: Phylogeny of parasitiform mites (Acari) based on rRNA. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 43 (3): 936–951. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.024 PDF (prepublication version)
Parasitiformes are a superorder of Arachnids, constituting one of the two major groups of mites, alongside Acariformes.[1][2][3][4][5] Parasitiformes has, at times, been classified at the rank of order or suborder.[6][7][8][9][10][11]
It is uncertain whether Parasitiformes and Acariformes are closely related, and in many analyses they are recovered more closely related to other arachnids.[3][12] Amongst the best known members of the group are the ticks, though the Mesostigmata is the most diverse group, including economically important species such as the varroa mite.
Description
Taxonomy
Holothyrida - small group of predatory mites native to former Gondwana landmasses
Ixodida – ticks
Mesostigmata – a large order of predatory and parasitic mites
Opilioacarida – a small group of harvestman-like mites.
Many species are parasitic (most famous of which are ticks), but not all. For example, about half of the 10,000 known species in the suborder Mesostigmata are predatory and cryptozoan, living in soil-litter, rotting wood, dung, carrion, nests or house dust. A few species have switched to grazing on fungi or ingesting spores or pollen. Phylogenetic relationships of the groups, after Klompen, 2010:[13]
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The phytoseiid mites, which account for about 15% of all described Mesostigmata are used with great success for biological control.
There are over 12,000 described species of Parasitiformes, and the total estimate is between 100,000 and 200,000 species.
Evolutionary history
The oldest known fossils of Parasitiformes, representing three out of the four modern groups, Ixodida, Mesostigmata, and Opilioacarida, are known from Cretaceous aged amber, dating to around 100 million years ago.[14][15][16] They are suspected to have diversified substantially earlier. The genetic divergence between the groups is less than that of Acariform mites, suggesting a younger origin, likely dating to the late Paleozoic.[17]
References
Beaulieu, Frédéric (2011). Zhang, Zhi-Qiang (ed.). "Superorder Parasitiformes: In: Zhang, Z-Q. (ed.) Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness". Zootaxa. 3148. ISBN 978-1-86977-849-1. ISSN 1175-5326.
"Parasitiformes Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2021-10-31.
Arribas, Paula; Andújar, Carmelo; Moraza, María Lourdes; Linard, Benjamin; et al. (2019). "Mitochondrial Metagenomics Reveals the Ancient Origin and Phylodiversity of Soil Mites and Provides a Phylogeny of the Acari". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 37 (3). doi:10.1093/molbev/msz255.
Beron, Petar, ed. (2020). Acarorum Catalogus VI, Order Mesostigmata. Pensoft. doi:10.3897/ab.e54206. ISBN 978-619-248-006-6.
Castilho, Raphael de Campos; Moraes, Gilberto; Halliday, R. B. (2012). "Catalogue of the mite family Rhodacaridae Oudemans, with noyes on the classification of the Rhodacaroidea (Acari: Mesostigmata)". Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz. 3471. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3471.1.1.
Barker, S.C.; Murrell, A. (2004). "Systematics and evolution of ticks with a list of valid genus and species names". Parasitology. 129 (7): S15–S36. doi:10.1017/S0031182004005207. PMID 15938503.
Evolution of ticks. Klompen, J.S.; Black, W.C.; Keirans, J.E.; Oliver, J.H. Annual Review of Entomology, 1996, Vol.41, pp.141-61
John F Anderson, The natural history of ticks, Medical Clinics of North America, Volume 86, Issue 2, March 2002, Pages 205-218
Hans Klompen, Mariam Lekveishvili, William C. Black IV, Phylogeny of parasitiform mites (Acari) based on rRNA, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 43, Issue 3, June 2007, Pages 936-951
Lindquist, E.E.; Walter, D.E.; Krantz, G.W. (2009) A manual of Acarology, 3 Edit. Lubbock: Texas Tech, pp. 97-103
Schweizer, J. (1949). Die Landmilben des schweizerischen Nationalparks: Teil 1. Liestal: Lüdin.
Giribet, Gonzalo (March 2018). "Current views on chelicerate phylogeny—A tribute to Peter Weygoldt". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 273: 7–13. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2018.01.004.
Klompen, H. (2010-06-30). "Holothyrids and ticks: new insights from larval morphology and DNA sequencing, with the description of a new species of Diplothyrus (Parasitiformes: Neothyridae)". Acarologia. 50 (2): 269–285. doi:10.1051/acarologia/20101970. ISSN 0044-586X.
Joharchi, Omid; Vorontsov, Dmitry D.; Walter, David Evans (2021-09-30). "Oldest determined record of a mesostigmatic mite (Acari: Mesostigmata: Sejidae) in Cretaceous Burmese amber". Acarologia. 61 (3): 641–649. doi:10.24349/goj5-BZms.
Jason A. Dunlop & Leopoldo Ferreira de Oliveira Bernardi (2014). "An opilioacarid mite in Cretaceous Burmese amber". Naturwissenschaften. 101 (9): 759–763. doi:10.1007/s00114-014-1212-0. PMID 25027588.
Peñalver E, Arillo A, Delclòs X, Peris D, Grimaldi DA, Anderson SR, et al. (December 2017). "Ticks parasitised feathered dinosaurs as revealed by Cretaceous amber assemblages". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 1924. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8.1924P. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01550-z. PMC 5727220. PMID 29233973.
Arribas, Paula; Andújar, Carmelo; Moraza, María Lourdes; Linard, Benjamin; Emerson, Brent C; Vogler, Alfried P (2020-03-01). Teeling, Emma (ed.). "Mitochondrial Metagenomics Reveals the Ancient Origin and Phylodiversity of Soil Mites and Provides a Phylogeny of the Acari". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 37 (3): 683–694. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz255. ISSN 0737-4038.
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