Oonopidae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Classis: Arachnida
Ordo: Araneae
Subordo: Opisthothelae
Infraordo: Araneomorphae
Taxon: Neocribellatae
Series: Haplogynae
Superfamilia: Dysderoidea

Familia: Oonopidae
Subfamiliae: Gamasomorphinae – Oonopinae – Orchestininae – Sulsulinae
Overview of genera (112)

Amazoonops – Anophthalmoonops – Antoonops – Aposphragisma – Aprusia – Aridella – Aschnaoonops – Australoonops – Bannana – Bipoonops – Birabenella – Blanioonops – Brignolia – Caecoonops – Camptoscaphiella – Cavisternum – Costarina – Cousinea – Coxapopha – Dalmasula – Decuana – Diblemma – Dysderina – Dysderoides – Emboonops – Epectris – Escaphiella – Farqua – Ferchestina – Gamasomorpha – Gradunguloonops – Grymeus – Guaraguaoonops – Guatemoonops – Hawkeswoodoonops – Heteroonops – Hexapopha – Himalayana – Hortoonops – Hypnoonops – Hytanis – Ischnothyrella – Ischnothyreus – Kachinia – Kapitia – Khamisia – Kijabe – Lionneta – Lisna – Longoonops – Lucetia – Malagiella – Marsupopaea – Matyotia – Megabulbus – Megaoonops – Melchisedec – Molotra – Myrmecoscaphiella – Nale – Neotrops – Neoxyphinus – Nephrochirus – Niarchos – Noideattella – Noonops – Oonopinus – Oonopoides – Oonops – Opopaea – Orchestina – Ovobulbus – Paramolotra – Patri – Pelicinus – Pescennina – Plectoptilus – Ponsoonops – Predatoroonops – Prethopalpus – Prida – Prodysderina – Promolotra – Pseudodysderina – Pseudoscaphiella – Puan – Reductoonops – Scaphidysderina – Scaphiella – Scaphioides – Scaphios – Semibulbus – Setayeshoonops – Silhouettella – Simlops – Simonoonops – Socotroonops – Spinestis – Stenoonops – Sulsula – Tapinesthis – Telchius – Termitoonops – Tinadysderina – Tolegnaro – Toloonops – Triaeris – Trilacuna – Unicorn – Varioonops – Vientianea – Wanops – Xestaspis – Xiombarg – Xyccarph – Xyphinus – Yumates – Zyngoonops – †Burmorchestina – †Canadaorchestina – †Eogamasomorpha – †Eoscaphiella

Unaccepted genera (4): Calculus – Harryoonops – Myrmopopaea – Pseudotriaeris
Name

Oonopidae Simon, 1890
References
Selected references

Simon, E.L. 1890. Etudes arachnologiques. 22e Mémoire. XXXIV. Etude sur les arachnides de l'Yemen. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (6) 10: 77–124. Reference page.

Ott, R., Ruiz, G.R.S., Brescovit, A.D. & Bonaldo, A.B. 2017. Amazoonops, a new genus of goblin spiders (Araneae: Oonopidae) from the Brazilian Amazon. Zootaxa 4236(2): 244–268. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4236.2.2. Reference page.
Platnick, N.I. et al. 2012: Tarsal organ morphology and the phylogeny of goblin spiders (Araneae, Oonopidae), with notes on basal genera. American Museum novitates, ( 3736 ) DOI: 10.1206/3736.2
Platnick, N.I. 2013: Reification, matrices, and the interrelationships of goblin spiders (Araneae, Oonopidae). Zootaxa 3608(4): 278–280. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3608.4.6 Reference page.
Ranasinghe, U.G.S.L. & Benjamin, S.P. 2018. Taxonomic descriptions of nine new species of the goblin spider genera Cavisternum, Grymeus, Ischnothyreus, Opopaea, Pelicinus and Silhouettella (Araneae, Oonopidae) from Sri Lanka. Evolutionary Systematics 2: 65–80. DOI: 10.3897/evolsyst.2.25200 Reference page.

Additional references

Baehr, B.C.; Harvey, M.S.; Smith, H.M. 2010: The goblin spiders of the new endemic Australian genus Cavisternum (Araneae: Oonopidae). American Museum novitates, ( 3684 ) DOI: 10.1206/667.1
Bolzern, A. 2014. The Neotropical goblin spiders of the new genera Ponsoonops and Bipoonops (Araneae, Oonopidae). American Museum Novitates 3803: 1-70. DOI: 10.1206/3803.1. Reference page. .
Burger, M. 2009: Female genitalia of goblin spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Oonopidae): a morphological study with functional implications. Invertebrate biology, 128: 340–358. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2009.00181.x
Burger, M.; Michalik, P. 2010: The male genital system of goblin spiders: evidence for the monophyly of Oonopidae (Arachnida: Araneae). American Museum novitates, ( 3675 ) DOI: 10.1206/654.1
Cheng, W.H., Bian, D.J., Tong, Y.F. & Li, S.Q. 2021. A new genus and two new species of oonopid spiders from Tibet, China (Araneae, Oonopidae). ZooKeys 1052: 55-69.DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1052.66402. Open access. Reference page.
Dupérré, N. & Tapia, E. 2017a. The goblin spiders (Araneae, Oonopidae) of the OTONGA Nature Reserve in Ecuador, with the description of seven new species. Evolutionary Systematics 1: 87–109. DOI: 10.3897/evolsyst.1.14969 Reference page.
Fannes, W. 2010: On Melchisedec, a new genus of the spider family Oonopidae (Araneae, Dysderoidea). American Museum novitates, ( 3702 ) DOI: 10.1206/3702.2
Grismado, C.J. 2010: Description of Birabenella, a new genus of goblin spiders from Argentina and Chile (Araneae: Oonopidae). American Museum novitates, ( 3693 ) DOI: 10.1206/3693.2
Grismado, C.J., Izquierdo, M.A., González Márquez, M.E. & Ramirez, M.J. 2015: The Amazonian Goblin Spiders of the New Genus Gradunguloonops (Araneae: Oonopidae). Zootaxa 3939(1): 1–67. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3939.1.1. Reference page.
Jiménez, M.L.; Platnick, N.I.; Dupérré, N. 2011: The haplogyne spider genus Nopsides (Araneae, Caponiidae), with notes on Amrishoonops. American Museum novitates, ( 3708 ) DOI: 10.1206/3708.2
Makhan, D.; Ezzatpanah, S. 2011: Setayeshoonops setayeshae gen. et sp. nov. and Ischnothyraeus peltifer (Simon, 1891), a new record for Suriname (Araneae: Oonopidae). Calodema, 128: 1–6.
Makhan, D.; Ezzatpanah, S. 2011: Aschnaoonops aschnae gen. et sp. nov. from Suriname (Araneae: Oonopidae). Calodema, 131: 1–4.
Makhan, D.; Ezzatpanah, S. 2011: Hawkeswoodoonops trevori gen. et sp. nov. and Hawkeswoodoonops rishwani sp. nov. (Araneae: Oonopidae) from Suriname. Calodema, 135: 1–9.
Makhan, D.; Ezzatpanah, S. 2011: Harryoonops amrishi gen. et sp. nov., the first Oonopidae species (Araneae) described from Iran. Calodema, 170: 1–5.
Paquin, P.; Vink, C.J.; Dupérré, N. 2010: Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key & species list. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand. ISBN 9780478347050
Platnick, N.I.; Dupérré, N. 2009: The American goblin spiders of the new genus Escaphiella ‪(‬Araneae, Oonopidae‪).‬ Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 328: 1–151. DOI: 10.1206/679.1 PDF
Platnick, N.I.; Dupérré, N. 2010: The Andean goblin spiders of the new genera Niarchos and Scaphios (Araneae, Oonopidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 345: 1–120. DOI: 10.1206/727.1 PDF
Platnick, N.I. et al. 2013: The goblin spider genera Prodysderina, Aschnaoonops, and Bidysderina (Araneae, Oonopidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, ( 373 ) DOI: 10.1206/822.1
Saaristo, M.I.; Marusik, Y.M. 2009: A new genus and species of oonopid spider (Araneae, Oonopidae) from Ukraine. ZooKeys, 24: 63–74. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.24.278
Tong, Y.-F. & Li, S.Q. 2013b: Six new species of oonopid spiders from Champasak, Laos (Araneae, Oonopidae). Zootaxa 3709(1): 71–88. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3709.1.3 reference page
Tong, Y-F., Chen, H-F., Liu, S-J. & Li, S-Q. 2018. A new genus of oonopid spiders from Myanmar (Araneae, Oonopidae). ZooKeys 794: 31–43. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.794.29156 Reference page.
Tong, Y.F. & Li, S.Q. 2014. A survey of oonopid spiders in Taiwan with descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys 396: 67-86. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.396.7033 Reference page
Tong, Y.F. & Li, S.Q. 2020. A new genus and two new species of oonopid spiders from Myanmar (Araneae, Oonopidae). ZooKeys 931: 21–33. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.931.49638. Open access. Reference page.
Ubick, D. & C.E. Griswold, 2011: The Malagasy Goblin Spiders of the New Genus Malagiella (Araneae, Oonopidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 356: 1–86. Abstract: DOI: 10.1206/356.1
Wunderlich, J. 2008. Descriptions of fossil spider (Araneae) taxa mainly in Baltic amber, as well as on certain related extant taxa. Beiträge zur Araneologie 5: 44–139, 803–804, 813–818. Reference page.

Links

Platnick, N. I. 2009. The World Spider Catalog, version 9.5. American Museum of Natural History. [1]

Vernacular names
català: Oonòpid
Deutsch: Zwergsechsaugenspinnen
English: goblin spiders
español: Oonopidae
français: Oonopidae
italiano: Oonopidae
日本語: タマゴグモ科
한국어: 알거미과
Nederlands: Dwergcelspinnen
norsk: Oonopidae
português: Oonopidae
русский: Ооноповые мелкосетчатые пауки
Tiếng Việt: Oonopidae
中文: 卵蛛科

Oonopidae, also known as goblin spiders, is a family of spiders consisting of over 1,600 described species in about 113 genera worldwide,[1] with total species diversity estimated at 2000 to 2500 species.[2] The type genus of the family is Oonops Keyserling, 1835.

Goblin spiders are generally tiny, measuring about 1 to 3 millimeters. Some have scuta, hardened plates on their abdomens. Oonopids usually have six eyes, the anterior median eyes having been lost. However, four-eyed (Opopaea viamao), two-eyed (e.g. Coxapopha, Diblemma) and even completely eyeless species (e.g. Cousinea, the cave-dwelling Blanioonops) are also known. The family is permeated with unusual morphological traits, many of which are limited to males. Examples include heavily modified mouthparts (e.g. Coxapopha, Xyccarph), sternal pouches (sometimes alternatively called holsters; e.g. Grymeus) and extensions of the carapace (e.g. Ferchestina, Unicorn). The male pedipalps are also often highly modified. The genus Opopaea, for example, exhibits an expanded palpal patella while male Ischnothyreus are characterized by completely sclerotized, pitch-black pedipalps. Members of the genus Orchestina are believed to be able to jump, as both sexes have greatly enlarged femora on the fourth leg pair.

Oonopidae are seldom seen by people as they are too small to be easily noticed. They are generally found in the leaf litter layer and under rocks, but they also constitute a significant component of the spider fauna living in the canopy of tropical rainforest. Three blind Afrotropical genera (Anophthalmoonops, Caecoonops, Termitoonops) are exclusively found in termite nests. A few species, such as the pantropical Heteroonops spinimanus and Triaeris stenaspis, are thought to be parthenogenetic as no males have yet been collected.
Fossil record

Oonopidae are frequently encountered as subfossils preserved in copals and as fossils preserved in amber. Oonopids even occur in more amber deposits than any other spider family, which may be accounted for by their widespread distribution, small size, and wandering behaviour, as amber appears to be biased towards trapping such spiders. In contrast, sedimentary fossils of Oonopidae are unknown.

Most fossil oonopids described from amber are assigned to the extant genus Orchestina. This genus was already widespread by the end of the Cretaceous, as indicated by specimens found in amber dating back over 100 million years.
Genera
Main article: List of Oonopidae species

As of April 2019, the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:[1]

Amazoonops Ott, Ruiz, Brescovit & Bonaldo, 2017
Anophthalmoonops Benoit, 1976 — Angola
Antoonops Fannes & Jocqué, 2008 — Africa
Aposphragisma Thoma, 2014 — Asia
Aprusia Simon, 1893 — Sri Lanka, India
Aschnaoonops Makhan & Ezzatpanah, 2011 — Suriname, Colombia, Trinidad
Australoonops Hewitt, 1915 — South Africa, Mozambique
Bannana Tong & Li, 2015 — China
Bidysderina Platnick, Dupérré, Berniker & Bonaldo, 2013
Bipoonops Bolzern, 2014 — Ecuador
Birabenella Grismado, 2010 — Argentina, Chile
Blanioonops Simon & Fage, 1922 — East Africa
Brignolia Dumitrescu & Georgescu, 1983 — Asia, Africa, Australia
Caecoonops Benoit, 1964 — Congo
Camptoscaphiella Caporiacco, 1934 — Asia
Cavisternum Baehr, Harvey & Smith, 2010 — Australia, Sri Lanka
Cortestina Knoflach, 2009 — Austria, Italy
Costarina Platnick & Dupérré, 2011 — Central America, Colombia, Mexico
Cousinea Saaristo, 2001 — Seychelles
Coxapopha Platnick, 2000 — South America, Panama
Dalmasula Platnick, Szüts & Ubick, 2012 — South Africa, Namibia
Diblemma O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1908 — Seychelles
Dysderina Simon, 1892 — Asia, Africa, South America
Dysderoides Fage, 1946 — Thailand, India
Emboonops Bolzern, Platnick & Berniker, 2015 — Mexico
Escaphiella Platnick & Dupérré, 2009 — North America, South America, Central America, Jamaica
Farqua Saaristo, 2001 — Seychelles
Gamasomorpha Karsch, 1881 — Asia, Africa, South America, Oceania, North America, Panama, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Gradunguloonops Grismado, Izquierdo, González M. & Ramírez, 2015
Grymeus Harvey, 1987 — Australia, Sri Lanka
Guaraguaoonops Brescovit, Rheims & Bonaldo, 2012
Guatemoonops Bolzern, Platnick & Berniker, 2015
Heteroonops Dalmas, 1916 — Caribbean, Costa Rica, Mexico, Germany, Africa, Australia
Hexapopha Platnick, Berniker & Víquez, 2014 — Costa Rica
Himalayana Grismado, 2014 — India, Nepal
Hortoonops Platnick & Dupérré, 2012 —
Hypnoonops Benoit, 1977 — Congo
Hytanis Simon, 1893 — Venezuela
Ischnothyreus Simon, 1893 — Asia, Oceania, Africa, Europe
Kachinia Tong & Li, 2018 — Myanmar
Kapitia Forster, 1956 — New Zealand
Khamiscar Platnick & Berniker, 2015 — Madagascar
Khamisia Saaristo & van Harten, 2006 — Israel, Yemen, Kenya
Khamisina Platnick & Berniker, 2015 — Nigeria, Kenya, Congo
Khamisoides Platnick & Berniker, 2015 — Virgin Is.
Kijabe Berland, 1914 — Kenya
Lionneta Benoit, 1979 — Seychelles
Longoonops Platnick & Dupérré, 2010 — Central America, Jamaica
Lucetia Dumitrescu & Georgescu, 1983 — Cuba, Venezuela
Malagiella Ubick & Griswold, 2011 — Madagascar
Megabulbus Saaristo, 2007 — Israel
Megaoonops Saaristo, 2007 — Israel
Melchisedec Fannes, 2010 — Niger
Molotra Ubick & Griswold, 2011 — Madagascar
Neotrops Grismado & Ramírez, 2013 — South America, Panama, Trinidad
Neoxyphinus Birabén, 1953 — South America, Caribbean
Nephrochirus Simon, 1910 — Namibia
Niarchos Platnick & Dupérré, 2010 — Ecuador, Colombia, Peru
Noideattella Álvarez-Padilla, Ubick & Griswold, 2012 — Madagascar, Seychelles
Noonops Platnick & Berniker, 2013 — Mexico, United States
Oonopinus Simon, 1893 — Europe, Africa, Venezuela, China, Samoa, United States
Oonopoides Bryant, 1940 — Central America, Venezuela, North America, Cuba
Oonops Templeton, 1835 — South America, Caribbean, Europe, Africa, North America, Georgia, Oceania, Central America
Opopaea Simon, 1892 — Oceania, Africa, Asia, North America, Panama, South America, Europe
Orchestina Simon, 1882 — Africa, Asia, South America, North America, Central America, Europe, Caribbean, Oceania
Ovobulbus Saaristo, 2007 — Israel, Egypt
Paradysderina Platnick & Dupérré, 2011 — South America
Patri Saaristo, 2001 — Seychelles
Pelicinus Simon, 1892 — Asia, Brazil, Africa, Australia
Pescennina Simon, 1903 — Central America, South America, Mexico
Plectoptilus Simon, 1905 — Indonesia
Ponsoonops Bolzern, 2014 — Central America, Mexico, South America, Cuba
Predatoroonops Brescovit, Rheims & Ott, 2012
Prethopalpus Baehr, Harvey, Burger & Thoma, 2012 — Oceania, Asia
Prida Saaristo, 2001 — Seychelles
Prodysderina Platnick, Dupérré, Berniker & Bonaldo, 2013 — Venezuela
Pseudodysderina Platnick, Berniker & Bonaldo, 2013 — South America
Pseudoscaphiella Simon, 1907 — South Africa
Puan Izquierdo, 2012 — Argentina
Reductoonops Platnick & Berniker, 2014 — Central America, Mexico, South America, Jamaica
Scaphidysderina Platnick & Dupérré, 2011 — Ecuador, Peru, Colombia
Scaphiella Simon, 1892 — Central America, Caribbean, South America, North America
Scaphioides Bryant, 1942 — Caribbean, North America, Costa Rica
Scaphios Platnick & Dupérré, 2010 — Ecuador, Colombia
Semibulbus Saaristo, 2007 — Israel
Semidysderina Platnick & Dupérré, 2011 — Colombia
Setayeshoonops Makhan & Ezzatpanah, 2011 — Suriname
Sicariomorpha Ott & Harvey, 2015 — Malaysia
Silhouettella Benoit, 1979 — Asia, Africa
Simlops Bonaldo, Ott & Ruiz, 2014 — South America, Trinidad
Simonoonops Harvey, 2002 — South America, Caribbean
Socotroonops Saaristo & van Harten, 2002 — Yemen
Spinestis Saaristo & Marusik, 2009 — Ukraine
Stenoonops Simon, 1892 — North America, Central America, Caribbean, South America, Seychelles
Sulsula Simon, 1882 — Algeria, Egypt, Sudan
Tapinesthis Simon, 1914 — Europe
Telchius Simon, 1893 — Algeria, Morocco, South Africa
Termitoonops Benoit, 1964 — Congo
Tinadysderina Platnick, Berniker & Bonaldo, 2013
Tolegnaro Álvarez-Padilla, Ubick & Griswold, 2012
Toloonops Bolzern, Platnick & Berniker, 2015 — Mexico
Triaeris Simon, 1892 — Asia, Africa, Australia
Tridysderina Platnick, Berniker & Bonaldo, 2013
Trilacuna Tong & Li, 2007 — Asia
Unicorn Platnick & Brescovit, 1995 — Argentina, Chile, Bolivia
Varioonops Bolzern & Platnick, 2013 — Central America, South America
Vientianea Tong & Li, 2013 — Laos
Volborattella Saucedo & Ubick, 2015
Wanops Chamberlin & Ivie, 1938 — Mexico
Xestaspis Simon, 1884 — Asia, Oceania, Africa
Xiombarg Brignoli, 1979 — Brazil, Argentina
Xyccarph Brignoli, 1978 — Brazil
Xyphinus Simon, 1893 — Asia, Australia
Yumates Chamberlin, 1924 — Mexico
Zyngoonops Benoit, 1977 — Congo

Extinct genera

†Burmorchestina Wunderlich 2008 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
†Canadaorchestina Wunderlich 2008 Canadian amber, Campanian
†Fossilopaea Wunderlich 1988 Dominican amber, Miocene

References

"Family: Oonopidae Simon, 1890". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-04-22.

Busschere, C., Fannes, W., Henrard, A., Gaublomme, E., Jocqué, R., & Baert, L. (2014). "Unravelling the goblin spiders puzzle: rDNA phylogeny of the family Oonopidae (Araneae)". Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny. 72 (2): 177–192. doi:10.3897/asp.72.e31884.