Trichogrammatidae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Hymenopterida
Ordo: Hymenoptera
Subordo: Apocrita
Superfamilia: Chalcidoidea

Familia: Trichogrammatidae
Genera (96): Adelogramma – Adryas – Aphelinoidea – Apseudogramma – Asynacta – Australufens – Ayaanella – Bloodiella – Brachista – Brachistagrapha – Brachygrammatella – Brachyia – Brachyufens – Burksiella – Centrobiopsis – Ceratogramma – Chaetogramma – Chaetostricha – Chaetostrichella – Densufens – Doirania – Emeria – Enneagmus – Epoligosita – Epoligosita – Eteroligosita – Eutrichogramma – Haeckeliania – Hayatia – Hispidophila – Hydrophylita – Ittys – Ittysella – Japania – Kyuwia – Lathromeris – Lathromeroidea – Lathromeromyia – Megaphragma – Microcaetiscus – Mirufens – Monorthochaeta – Neobrachista – Neobrachistella – Neocentrobia – Neocentrobiella – Neolathromera – Nicolavespa – Oligosita – Oligositoides – Ophioneurus – Pachamama – Paracentrobia – Paraittys – Paratrichogramma – Paruscanoidea – Pintoa – Poropoea – Prestwichia – Probrachista – Prochaetostricha – Prosoligosita – Prouscana – Pseudobrachysticha – Pseudogrammina – Pseudoligosita – Pseudomirufens – Pseuduscana – Pterandrophysalis – Pteranomalogramma – Pterygogramma – Sinepalpigramma – Soikiella – Szelenyia – Thanatogramma – Thoreauia – Trichogramma – Trichogrammatella – Trichogrammatoidea – Trichogrammatomyia – Tumidiclava – Tumidifemur – Ufens – Ufensia – Urogramma – Uscana – Uscanella – Uscanoidea – Uscanopsis – Viggianiella – Xenufens – Xenufens – Xenufensia – Xiphogramma – Zaga – Zagella – Zelogramma
Name

Trichogrammatidae Haliday, 1851

References

Template:Haliday, 1851

Aishan, Z., Triapitsyn, S.V. & Hu, H-Y. 2015. Review of Tumidiclava Girault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from Xingjiang, China, with description of two new species and taxonomic notes on other Holarctic taxa. Zootaxa 3949(3): 393–407. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3949.3.5. Preview (PDF) Full article (PDF) Reference page.
Bernardo, U., Gualtieri, L., Nugnes, F., Verdolini, E., Riolo, P. & Viggiani, G. 2017. A new species of Soikiella Nowicki (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from Italy. Zootaxa 4242(1): 185–192. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.1.10. Reference page.
Khan, M.T., Ahmad, S.K., Anis, S.B. & Dawah, H.A. 2018. A new species of Xiphogramma Nowicki (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Saudi Arabia. Zootaxa 4410(2): 393–396. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4410.2.10 Paywall. Reference page.
Khan, M.T. & Anis, S.B. 2017. A new genus of Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from India.Zootaxa 4344(1): 165–168. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4344.1.9. Reference page.
Laudonia, S., Viggiani, G. & Biondi, S. 2017. A new species of Poropoea Foerster from Africa (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Trichogrammatidae). ZooKeys 658: 81-87. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.658.11501. Reference page.

The Trichogrammatidae are a family of tiny wasps in the Chalcidoidea that include some of the smallest of all insects, with most species having adults less than 1 mm in length, with species of Megaphragma having an adult body length less than 300 μm. The over 840 species are placed in about 80 genera; their distribution is worldwide. Trichogrammatids parasitize the eggs of many different orders of insects. As such, they are among the more important biological control agents known, attacking many pest insects (especially Lepidoptera).

They are not strong fliers and are generally moved through the air by the prevailing winds. Their fore wings are typically somewhat stubby and paddle-shaped, with a long fringe of hinged setae around the outer margin to increase the surface area during the downstroke. Males of some species are wingless, and mate with their sisters inside the host egg in which they are born, dying without ever leaving the host egg.

Trichogrammatidae have unique nervous systems resulting from the necessity to conserve space. They have one of the smallest nervous systems, with one particularly diminutive species, Megaphragma mymaripenne, containing as few as 7,400 neurons. They are also the first (and only) known animals which have functioning neurons without nuclei.[1][2]

The neurons develop during pupation with functional nuclei and manufacture enough proteins to last through the short lifespans of the adults. Before emerging as an adult, the nuclei are destroyed, allowing the wasp to conserve space by making the neurons smaller. Even without nuclei (which contain the DNA, essential for manufacturing proteins to repair damage in living cells), the neurons can survive because the proteins manufactured as a pupa are sufficient.[2]

Their fossil record extends back to the Eocene aged Baltic amber.[3]
Genera

Adelogramma
Adryas
Aphelinoidea
Apseudogramma
Asynacta
Australufens
Bloodiella
Brachista
Brachistagrapha
Brachygrammatella
Brachyia
Brachyufens
Burksiella
Centrobiopsis
Ceratogramma
Chaetogramma
Chaetostricha
Chaetostrichella
Densufens
Doirania
Emeria
Enneagmus
Epoligosita
Epoligosita
Eteroligosita
Eutrichogramma
Haeckeliania
Hayatia
Hispidophila
Hydrophylita
Ittys
Ittysella
Japania
Kyuwia
Lathromeris
Lathromeroidea
Lathromeromyia
Megaphragma
Microcaetiscus
Mirufens
Monorthochaeta
Neobrachista
Neobrachistella
Neocentrobia
Neocentrobiella
Neolathromera
Nicolavespa
Oligosita
Oligositoides
Ophioneurus
Pachamama
Paracentrobia
Paraittys
Paratrichogramma
Paruscanoidea
Pintoa
Poropoea
Prestwichia
Probrachista
Prochaetostricha
Prosoligosita
Prouscana
Pseudobrachysticha
Pseudogrammina
Pseudoligosita
Pseudomirufens
Pseuduscana
Pterandrophysalis
Pteranomalogramma
Pterygogramma
Sinepalpigramma
Soikiella
Szelenyia
Thanatogramma
Thoreauia
Trichogramma
Trichogrammatella
Trichogrammatoidea
Trichogrammatomyia
Tumidiclava
Tumidifemur
Ufens
Ufensia
Urogramma
Uscana
Uscanella
Uscanoidea
Uscanopsis
Viggianiella
Xenufens
Xenufensia
Xiphogramma
Zaga
Zagella
Zelogramma

References

Polilov, A. A. (2012). "The smallest insects evolve anucleate neurons". Arthropod Structure & Development. 41 (1): 29–34. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2011.09.001. PMID 22078364.
Bob Yirka (December 1, 2011). "Entomologists discover first instance of intact neurons without nucleus - in fairy wasps". PhysOrg.com. Retrieved December 2, 2011.

BURKS, ROGER A.; HERATY, JOHN M.; PINTO, JOHN D.; GRIMALDI, DAVID (2015-04-28). "Small but not ephemeral: newly discovered species of Aphelinidae and Trichogrammatidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Eocene amber". Systematic Entomology. 40 (3): 592–605. doi:10.1111/syen.12124. ISSN 0307-6970.

Doutt, R.L. & Viggiani, G. 1968. The classification of the Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Proceedings Calif. Acad. Sci. 35:477-586.
Matheson, R. & Crosby, C.R. 1912. Aquatic Hymenoptera in America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 5:65-71.
Nagarkatti, S. & Nagaraja, H. 1977. Biosystematics of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea species. Annual Review of Entomology 22:157-176.