Sphaeroceridae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Antliophora
Ordo: Diptera
Subordo: Brachycera
Infraordo: Muscomorpha
Sectio: Schizophora
Subsectio: Acalyptrata
Superfamilia: Heteromyzoidea

Familia: Sphaeroceridae
Subfamiliae (5): Archiborborinae - Copromyzinae - Homalomitrinae - Limosininae - Sphaerocerinae
Overview of genera (115)

Achaetothorax – Acuminiseta – Alloborborus – Aluligera – Anatalanta – Anomioptera – Anommonia – Antrops – Apterobiroina – Apteromyia – Aptilotella – Aptilotus – Archiceroptera – Archicollinella – Archileptocera – Aspinilimonina – Bacchis – Bentrovata – Bitheca – Borborillus – Boreantrops – Bromeloecia – Ceroptera – Chaetopodella – Chespiritos – Coloantrops – Coproica – Copromyza – Crumomyia – Druciatus – Dudaia – Elachisoma – Frutillaria – Gobersa – Gonioneura – Gymnometopina – Herniosina – Homalomitra – Howickia – Immoderatus – Indiosina – Ischiolepta – Kabaria – Lecogaster – Lepidosina – Leptocera – Limomyza – Limosina – Limosinella – Lobeliomyia – Lotobia – Lotophila – Maculantrops – Mesaptilotus – Mesosphaerocera – Metaborborus – Minilimosina – Monteithiana – Myrmolimosina – Nearcticorpus – Neosphaerocera – Norrbomia – Ocellipsis – Ocellusia – Opacifrons – Opalimosina – Oribatomyia – Otawayia – Pachytarsella – Palaeoceroptera – Palaeocoprina – Papualimosina – Papuellicesa – Paralimosina – Paraptilotus – Paraspelobia – Parasphaerocera – Pellucialula – Penola – Philocoprella – Photoantrops – Phthitia – Pismira – Pleuroseta – Podiomitra – Poecilantrops – Poecilosomella – Popondetta – Pseudocollinella – Pteremis – Pterogramma – Pterogrammoides – Pullimosina – Puncticorpus – Pycnopota – Rachispoda – Reunionia – Robustagramma – Rudolfina – Safaria – Sclerocoelus – Scutelliseta – Siphlopteryx – Spelobia – Sphaerocera – Sphaeromitra – Spinilimosina – Telomerina – Terrilimosina – Thoracochaeta – Trachyopella – Trichosphaerocera – Trisetomyia – Tucma – Xenolimosina

[source: Catalogue of Life: 2013 Annual Checklist, minus (4) Archiborborus – Biroina – Copromyzini Musca
; plus (5) Boreantrops – Coloantrops – Maculantrops – Photoantrops – Poecilantrops
]

Add (9): Afrolimosina – Biphallapodema – Chelilimosina – Mislocatus – Oligochaetosella – Paramosina – Permixtolimosina – Preepiphallus – Subacuminiseta

Check: Bregmosina

In synonymy: Archiborborus – Huapia – Procopromyza – ...
Name

Sphaeroceridae Macquart, 1835

References

Macquart, P.-J.-M. 1835. Historie naturelle des Insectes. Diptères. Tome deuxième, Diptera 2. 703 pp., 12 pls. Collection des suites à Buffon. Paris. BHL Reference page.
Koçak, A.Ö.; Kemal, M. 2009: Notes on the nomenclature of some generic names of the order Diptera. Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara miscellaneous papers, 150: 7–8. Internet Archive
Koçak, A.Ö.; Kemal, M. 2010: Nomenclatural notes on the genus group names of the order Diptera. Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara miscellaneous papers, 151: 5–7. Internet Archive
Marshall, S.A.; Roháček, J.; Dong, H.; Buck, M. 2011: The state of Sphaeroceridae (Diptera: Acalyptratae): a world catalog update covering the years 2000–2010, with new generic synonymy, new combinations, and new distributions. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 51(1): 217–298. PDF Reference page.
Papp, L., 2012: A review of the Afrotropical species of Leptocera Olivier (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 58 (3): 225–258. Full article: [1]
Papp, L. 2016. An overview of the Old World species of Pseudocollinella duda (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) with description of a new subgenus). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 62(1): 1–58. full article (pdf). Reference page.
Papp, L. & Norrbom, A.L. 2015. A review of the genus Dudaia Hedicke, 1923 (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae). Zootaxa 4011(1): 1–65. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4011.1.1. Preview (PDF) ISBN 978-1-77557-783-6 (paperback); ISBN 978-1-77557-784-3 (Online edition) Reference page.
Roháček, J. 2012: Wing polymorphism in European species of Sphaeroceridae (Diptera). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 52(2): 535–558. PDF Reference page.
Roháček, J. 2016. Herniosina Roháček: revised concept, two new species, new key and atlas of male and female terminalia (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae). ZooKeys 609: 69-106. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.609.9459. Reference page.
Roháček, J. 2021. The Herniosina story continues in the Mediterranean: H. calabra sp. nov. from Calabria and H. erymantha Roháček, new female from the Peloponnese (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae). Zookeys 1061ː 165–190. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1061.72235 Open access Reference page.
Roháček, J. et al. 2001: World catalog of Sphaeroceridae (Diptera). Slezské zemské muzeum, Opava. Full publication (PDFs) Reference page.
Tepedino, K.P. 2016. FAMILY SPHAEROCERIDAE. In Wolff, M.I., Nihei, S.S. & Carvalho, C.J.B. de (eds.), Catalogue of Diptera of Colombia. Zootaxa 4122(1): 685–695. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.59. Reference page.
Yau, T. & Mashall, S.A. 2018. A revision of the genus Bromeloecia Spuler (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 4445(1): 1–115. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4445.1.1 Paywall Reference page.

Vernacular names
English: small dung flies
中文: 大跗蝇科

Sphaeroceridae are a family of true flies in the order Diptera, often called small dung flies, lesser dung flies or lesser corpse flies due to their saprophagous habits. They belong to the typical fly suborder Brachycera as can be seen by their short antennae, and more precisely they are members of the section Schizophora. There are over 1,300 species and about 125 genera accepted as valid today, but new taxa are still being described.[2]

Unlike the large "corpse flies" or blow-flies of the family Calliphoridae and the large dung flies of the family Scathophagidae, the small dung flies are members of the schizophoran subsection Acalyptratae. Among their superfamily Sphaeroceroidea, they seem to be particularly close relatives of the family Heleomyzidae.[2]
Sphaeroceridae morphological details

Description and ecology
Housefly (left) vs. small dung fly (right)

For terms see Morphology of Diptera

Dung flies are small to minute, usually dull-colored flies with characteristically thickened first tarsomere of the posterior leg. The first tarsal segment is less than 1+1/2 times as long as the second tarsal segment and dilated. The crossvein separating the second basal and discal cells is missing. Veins four and five often fade apically. They occur all over the world except in regions with permanent ice-cover. Despite their ubiquity and abundance, little is known about their economic or ecological impact. Some species are known to be parthenogenetic.

Larval stages are poorly known, but those described are slender, narrowed anteriorly, with groups of ventral spicules on creeping welts. The larva is amphipneustic (having only the anterior and posterior pairs of spiracles). The mandibles are simple, hooked, and without additional teeth. The parastomal bars are long, thin structures, fused to the tentoropharyngeal sclerite. The hypopharyngeal sclerites are long separate or connected by a sclerotized bridge; the anterior spiracle (prothoracic spiracle) is a rosette or branched. The posterior spiracles (on the anal segment) are usually on two cylindrical lobes. Each spiracle has three slit or oval openings and three or five groups of interspiracular hairs that are branched in some species.

The larvae are microbial grazers found in abundance in many microenvironments with decomposing organic material. Most species appear to be associated with decaying plants or fungi and they are a part of the nutrient cycle. Some species, especially cave species, are polysaprophagous. Many species are associated with various kinds of faeces including human faeces; there are a few carrion-feeding species. These, however, are extremely abundant and are important components of the carrion-insect community. Sphaerocerids that abound in economically important decomposer communities such as compost and manure, and some decay cycles such as the wrack (seaweed) cycle are mediated by sphaerocerid-dominated insect communities.

As their microbe-associated habits suggest, sphaerocerids may carry many pathogenic microorganisms.[3] Although their reclusive habits preclude a major role in disease transmission; some can present a public health hazard on occasion or act as a warning of one. For instance Leptocera caenosa and other sphaerocerids are associated with blocked sewage drains.[4] Some species occasionally reach high population levels in food-processing plants and other buildings where they may indicate blocked drains, waste accumulation and inadequate hygiene. One species, Poecilosomella angulata, has been implicated in human intestinal myiasis[5] They have been implicated as the major means by which nematodes are disseminated among mushroom houses. Sphaeoceridae often coexist with muscoids especially Fannia canicularis and Musca domestica in the complex manure ecosystem of poultry houses, and other confined-animal facilities. Here the sphaeocerids are prey for mites and beetles, which themselves also feed on the immatures of muscoid flies reducing the population of the more problematic muscoids.[6] Carrion-feeding species are useful post mortem interval indicators in forensic entomology.
Genera

The genera are arranged alphabetically according to subfamily; these are arranged in the presumed phylogenetic sequence from the most ancestral to the most advanced:[2]

Subfamily Tucminae Marshall, 1996[7]

Tucma Mourgués-Schurter, 1987[8]

Subfamily Copromyzinae Stenhammar, 1855[9]

Achaetothorax Hedicke, 1923[10]
Alloborborus Duda, 1923[11]
Antrops Enderlein, 1909[12]
Archiborborus Duda, 1921[13]
Borborillus Duda, 1923[11]
Copromyza Fallén, 1810
Crumomyia Macquart, 1835[1]
Dudaia Hedicke, 1923[10]
Frutillaria Richards, 1961[14]
Gymnometopina Hedicke, 1923[10]
Lotophila Lioy, 1864[15]
Immoderatus Papp, 2004[16]
Metaborborus Vanschuytbroeck, 1948[17]
Norrbomia Papp, 1988[18][19]
Palaeoceroptera Duda, 1929[20]
Palaeolimosina Duda, 1920[21]
Penola Richards, 1941[22]
Pycnopota Bezzi, 1927[23]
Richardsia Papp, 1973[24]

Subfamily Sphaerocerinae Macquart, 1835[1]
Sphaerocera cf. curvipes of the Sphaerocerinae

Afromyia Kim, 1968[25]
Ischiolepta Lioy, 1864[15]
Lotobia Lioy, 1864[15]
Mesosphaerocera Kim, 1972[26]
Neosphaerocera Kim, 1972[26]
Parasphaerocera Spuler, 1924[27]
Safaria Richards, 1950[28]
Sphaerocera Latreille, 1804[29]
Trichosphaerocera Papp, 1978[30]

Subfamily Homalomitrinae Roháček & Marshall, 1998[31]

Homalomitra Borgmeier, 1931[32]
Sphaeromitra Roháček & Marshall, 1998[31]

Limosina silvatica of the Limosininae

Subfamily Limosininae Frey, 1921[33]

Acuminiseta Duda, 1925[34]
Afropterogramma Papp, 2008[35]
Aluligera Richards, 1951[36]
Anatalanta Eaton, 1875[37]
Anomioptera Schiner, 1868[38]
Anommonia Schmitz, 1917[39]
Apterobiroina Papp, 1979[40]
Apteromyia Vimmer, 1929[41]
Aptilotella Duda, 1924[42]
Aptilotus Mik, 1898[43]
Archiceroptera Papp, 1977[44]
Archicollinella Duda, 1925[34]
Archileptocera Duda, 1920[21]
Archipterogrammoides Papp, 2008[35]
Aspinilimosina Papp, 2004[45]
Australimosina Papp, 2008[35]
Bentrovata Richards, 1973[46]
Biconnecta Papp, 2008[35]
Biroina Richards, 1973[46]
Bitheca Marshall, 1987[47]
Bromeloecia Spuler, 1924[48]
Cephalimosina Papp, 2008[35]
Ceroptera Macquart, 1835[1]
Ceropterella Richards, 1953[49]
Chaetopodella Duda, 1920[21]
Chaetosifemur Papp, 2008[35]
Chespiritos Marshall, 2000[50]
Coproica Róndani, 1861
Druciatus Marshall, 1995[51]
Elachisoma Róndani, 1880
Eulimosina Roháček, 1983[52]
Eximilimosina Papp, 2008[35]
Gigalimosina Roháček, 1983[52]
Giraffimyiella Papp, 2008[35]
Gobersa de Coninck, 1983[53]
Gonioneura Róndani, 1880
Gonitella Papp, 2008[35]
Gyretria Enderlein, 1938[54]
Hellerella Duda, 1920[21]
Herniosina Roháček, 1983[52]
Howickia Richards, 1951[36]
Indiosina Papp, 1981[55]
Kabaria Richards, 1966[56]
Lepidosina Marshall & Buck, 2007[57]
Leptocera Olivier, 1813
Limomyza Marshall, 1997[58]
Limosina Macquart, 1835[1]
Limosinella Richards, 1968[59]
Lobeliomyia Richards, 1951[36]
Mesaptilotus Richards, 1951[36]
Minialula Papp, 2008[35]
Minilimosina Roháček, 1983[52]
Mixolimosina Papp, 2008[35]
Monorbiseta Papp, 2008[35]
Monteithiana Richards, 1973[46]
Myrmolimosina Marshall, 2000[60]
Nearcticorpus Roháček & Marshall, 1982[61]
Ocellipsis Richards, 1938[62]
Ocellusia Séguy, 1955[63]
Opacifrons Duda, 1918[64]
Opalimosina Roháček, 1983[52]
Oribatomyia Richards, 1960[65]
Pachytarsella Richards, 1963[66]
Palaeocoprina Duda, 1920[21]
Papualimosina Hayashi, 2006[67]
Papuella Richards, 1973[46]
Papuellicesa Koçak & Kemal, 2010[68]
Paracuminiseta Papp, 2008[35]
Paralimosina Papp, 1973[24]
Paramera Papp, 2008[35]
Paraminilimosina Papp, 2008[35]
Parapoecilosomella Papp, 2008[35]
Parapterogramma Papp, 2008[35]
Paraptilotus Richards, 1938[62]
Parasclerocoelus Marshall & Dong, 2008[69]
Paraspelobia Duda, 1938[70]
Pellucialula Papp, 2004[45]
Philocoprella Richards, 1929[71]
Phthitia Enderlein, 1938[54]
Piliterga Papp, 2008[35]
Pismira Richards, 1960[65]
Pleuroseta Richards, 1973[46]
Poecilosomella Duda, 1925[34]
Popondetta Richards, 1973[46]
Pseudacuminiseta Papp, 2008[35]
Pseudaspinilimosina Papp, 2008[35]
Pseudocollinella Duda, 1924[72]
Pseudopterogramma Papp, 2008[35]
Pteremis Róndani, 1856
Pterogramma Spuler, 1923[48]
Pterogrammoides Papp, 1972[73]
Pullimosina Roháček, 1983[52]
Puncticorpus Duda, 1918[64]
Rachispoda Lioy, 1864[15]
Reunionia Papp, 1979[40]
Robustagramma Marshall & Cui, 2005[74]
Rohacekia Papp, 2008[35]
Rudolfina Roháček, 1987[75]
Sclerocoelus Marshall, 1995[51]
Scutelliseta Richards, 1960[76]
Setositibiella Papp, 2008[35]
Siphlopteryx Enderlein, 1908[77]
Spelobia Spuler, 1924[48]
Spinilimosina Roháček, 1983[52]
Telomerina Roháček, 1983[52]
Terrilimosina Roháček, 1983[52]
Thailimosina Papp, 2008[35]
Thoracochaeta Duda, 1918[64]
Trachyopella Duda, 1918[64]
Trilobitella Papp, 2008[35]
Trisetomyia Richards, 1965[78]
Xenolimosina Roháček, 1983[52]

See also

Theodor Becker
Oswald Duda
Alexander Henry Haliday

Footnotes

Macquart1835, P. J. M. Histoire Naturelle des insectes. Dipteres. Tome deuxieme. Paris: Roret. pp. 710, 12 pl.
Rohček, Jindřich; Marshall, Stephen A.; Norrbom, Allen L.; Buck, Matthias; Quiros, Dora Isabel; Smith, Ian (2001). Rohček, Jindřich (ed.). World Catalog of Sphaeroceridae (Diptera). Opava: Slezské Zemské Muzeum. pp. 1–414. ISBN 978-8086224213. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
Greenberg, B., 1971. Flies and Disease, volume I: Ecology, Classification, and Biotic Association. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Fredeen, F. J. H.; Taylor, M. E. (1964). "Borborids (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) infesting sewage disposal tanks, with notes on the life cycle, behavior and control of Leptocera(Leptocera) caenosa (Róndani)". Can. Ent. 96 (5): 801–808. doi:10.4039/ent96801-5.
McKibben, J.W.; Micks, D.W. (1956). "Report of a case of human intestinal myiasis caused by Leptocera venalicia". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 5 (5): 929–32. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1956.5.929. PMID 13362764.
Axtell, R. C. (1985). Chapter 16: "Poultry Pests". In: Livestock Entomology (Williams et al., editors), Wiley & Sons, New York. pp. 269–293.
Marshall, S. A. (1996). "Tucma fritzi, a new species in the enigmatic genus Tucma Mourguès-Schurter (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae, Tucminae new subfamily)". Studia Dipterologica (3): 283–288.
Mourguès-Schurter, L. (1987). "Tucma, novo gènero de Copromyzinae para a AmÈrica do Sul (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae)". Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, S"o Paulo. 31 (1): 118–122.
Stenhammar, C. (1855). "Skandinaviens Copromyzine granskade och beskrifne". Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar. Ser. 3. Stockholm. 1853: 257–442.
Hedicke, H. (1923). "Nomina nova. IV". Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift. 1923 (4): 431. doi:10.1002/mmnd.48019230413.
Duda, Oswald (1923). "Revision der altweltlichen Arten der Gattung Borborus (Cypsela) Meigen (Dipteren)". Archiv für Naturgeschichte. Abteilung A. 89 (4): 35–112. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
Enderlein, Günther (1909). "Antrops truncipennis, eine neue Borboridengattung von Feuerland". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 34: 225–230. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Duda, Oswald (1921). "Fiebrigella und Archiborborus, zwei neue südamerikanische Borboriden-gattungen (Dipteren)". Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. 64: 119–146. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Richards, O. W. (1961). "Diptera (Sphaeroceridae) from south Chile". Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London B. 30: 57–68.
Lioy, P. (1864). I Ditteri distribuiti secondo un nuovo metodo di classifi cazione naturale Serie III, 9. Venezia: Atti dellíIstituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. pp. 1087–1126.
Papp, L. (2004). "Immoderatus gen. n. of Copromyzinae (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae)" (PDF). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 50 (1): 45–53. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
Vanschuytbroeck, P. (1948). "Sphaeroceridae (Diptera, Acalyptratae)". Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission G. F. De Witte (1933-35). 52: 1–43.
Papp, L. (1988). "A review of the Afrotropical species of Norrbomia gen.n. (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae, Copromyzini)". Acta Zoologica Hungarica. 34: 393–408.
Marshall, Stephen A.; Norrbom, Allen L. (1992). "A revision of the New World species of Norrbomia (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae), including all American species previously placed in Borborillus". Insecta Mundi. Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida. 6 (3–4): 151–181. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
Duda, Oswald (1929). "Die Ausbeute der deutschen Chako-Expedition 1925/1926 (Diptera). VI. Sepsidae, VII. Piophilidae, VIII. Cypselidae, IX. Drosophilidae und X. Chloropidae". Konowia. 8 (1): 33–50.
Duda, Oswald (1920). "Vorläufige Mitteilung zur Kenntnis der außereuropäischen Arten der Gattungen Leptoceras Olivier=Limosina Macq. und Borborus Meigen (Dipteren)". Zoologische Jahrbücher. Zeitschrift für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tier. 43: 433–446. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
Richards, O. W. (1941). "Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) collected by the British Graham Land Expedition, 1934-1937". British Graham Land Expedition 1934-37, Scientific Reports. 1 (7): 323–326.
Bezzi, Mario (1927). "A new genus and species of Borborid flies from South America". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 68 (2621): 1–6. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.68-2621.1. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
Papp, László (1973). "Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) from Mongolia". Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 19: 369–425.
Kim, K. C. (1968). "Revision of Sphaerocera, with description of a new genus Afromyia (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 61 (2): 296–312. doi:10.1093/aesa/61.2.296.
Kim, K. C. "The New World genus Parasphaerocera and allied groups, with descriptions of new genera and species (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae)". Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America. 8 (6): 377–444.
Spuler, Anthony (1924). "North American species of the genus Sphaerocera and Aptilotus (Diptera, Borboridae)". The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. San Francisco: The Pacific Coast Entomological Society. 1: 66–71. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
Richards, O. W. (1950). "New species of Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) found with driver ants (Dorylinae) by S. Patrizi and F. Meneghetti". Bollettino dellí Istituto di Entomologia della Università degli Studi di Bologna. 18: 14–23.
Latreille, Pierre André (1805). Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes. Vol. 14. Paris: Dufart. pp. 1–432. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
Papp, László (1978). "Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) in the collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum. IV. Sphaerocerinae". Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 24: 371–395.
Roháček, J.; Marshall, S. A. (1998). "Revision of Homalomitrinae subfam.n. (Diptera:Sphaeroceridae), with the description of a new genus and three new species" (PDF). European Journal of Entomology. 95 (3): 455–491. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
Borgmeier, T. (1931). "Um cypselideviso ecitophilo de Goyaz (Dipt., Cypselidae)". Reta de Entomologia, São Paulo. 1 (1): 30–37.
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Duda, Oswald (1925). "Die außereuropäischen Arten der Gattung Leptocera Olivier - Limosina Macquart (Dipteren) mit Berücksichtigung der europäischen Arten" (PDF). Archiv für Naturgeschichte. Abteilung A. Berlin. 90 ((11)(1924): 5–21. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
Papp, László (2008). "New genera of the Old World Limosininae (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae)" (PDF). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 54(supplement 2): 47–209. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
Richards, O. W. (1951). "Brachypterous Sphaeroceridae". British Museum (Natural History) Ruwenzori Expedition, 1934-1935. 2 (8): 829–851.
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Schiner, J. R. (1868). Diptera. In: Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Vol. 2. Wien: B. K. Gerold’s Sohn. pp. Pt. 1, vi + 388 pp.
Schmitz, H. (1917). "Anommonia, eine neue myrmecophile Borboridengattung aus Kamerun". Zoologische Mededelingen. Leiden. 3: 121–126.
Papp, László. "On apterous and reduced-winged forms of the family Drosophilidae, Ephydridae and Sphaeroceridae (Diptera)" (PDF). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 25: 357–374. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
Vimmer, A. (1929). "Dvě nové bezkřídlé mouchy (čel. Cypselidae) [Zwei neue fluegellosen Di- pteren - Fam. Cypselidae]". Časopis Československé Společnosti Entomologické. 26: 64–68.
Duda, Oswald. "Aptilotella Borgmeieri ♂, eine neue flügellose Borboride (Dipt.) aus Brasilien" (PDF). Natuurhistorisch Maandblad, Maastricht. 13 (5): 74–76. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
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References

Roháček, Jindřich (ed.) (2001): World Catalogue of Sphaeroceridae. Slezské zemské muzeum, Opava, Czech Republic. ISBN 80-86224-21-X PDF fulltext without images
K. G. V. Smith, 1989 An introduction to the immature stages of British Flies. Diptera Larvae, with notes on eggs, puparia and pupae.Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects Vol 10 Part 14. pdf download manual (two parts Main text and figures index)