Zophosini

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Amphiesmenoptera
Ordo: Lepidoptera
Subordo: Glossata
Cladus: Coelolepida
Cladus: Myoglossata
Cladus: Neolepidoptera
Infraordo: Heteroneura
Cladus: Eulepidoptera
Cladus: Ditrysia
Cladus: Apoditrysia
Cladus: Obtectomera
Superfamilia: Papilionoidea

Familia: Papilionidae
Subfamilia: Papilioninae
Tribus: Papilionini
Genus: Papilio
Subgenera: P. (Achillides) – P. (Druryia) – – – P. (Menelaides) - P. (Papilio) - P. (Princeps) - P. (Pterourus) - P. (Sinoprinceps)P. (Heraclides)P. (Eleppone)

Overview of species

P. absolon – P. acheron – P. aegeus – P. albinus – P. alcmenor – P. alexanor – P. alphenor – P. ambrax – P. amynthor – P. anactus – P. anchisiades – P. andraemon – P. androgeus – P. andronicus – P. antimachus – P. antonio – P. arcturus – P. aristodemus – P. aristor – P. arnoldiana – P. ascalaphus – P. astyalus – P. aurivillianus – P. benguetana – P. bianor – P. birchallii – P. blumei – P. bootes – P. brevicauda – P. bridgei – P. buddha – P. cacicus – P. caiguanabus – P. canadensis – P. canopus – P. castor – P. charopus – P. chiansiades – P. chikae – P. chitondensis – P. chrapkowskii – P. chrapkowskoides – P. constantinus – P. cresphontes – P. crino – P. cynorta – P. cyproeofila – P. daedalus – P. dardanus – P. deiphobus – P. delalandei – P. demetrius – P. demodocus – P. demoleus – P. demolion – P. desmondi – P. dialis – P. diophantus – P. dravidarum – P. echerioides – P. elephenor – P. epenetus – P. epiphorbas – P. erithonioides – P. erostratus – P. erskinei – P. esperanza – P. euchenor – P. euphranor – P. eurymedon – P. euterpinus – P. fernandus – P. filaprae – P. forbesi – P. fuelleborni – P. fuscus – P. gallienus – P. gambrisius – P. garamas – P. garleppi – P. gigon – P. glaucus – P. godeffroyi – P. grosesmithi – P. hectorides – P. helenus – P. hellanichus – P. hermeli – P. hesperus – P. himeros – P. hipponous – P. homerus – P. homothoas – P. hoppo – P. hornimani – P. horribilis – P. hospiton – P. hyppason – P. hypsicles – P. hystaspes – P. indra – P. inopinatus – P. interjectana – P. isidorus – P. iswara – P. iswaroides – P. jacksoni – P. janaka – P. jordani – P. karna – P. krishna – P. laglaizei – P. lamarchei – P. lampsacus – P. leucotaenia – P. liomedon – P. lormieri – P. lorquinianus – P. lowii – P. maackii – P. machaon – P. machaonides – P. macilentus – P. mackinnoni – P. maesseni – P. mahadeva – P. mangoura – P. manlius – P. mardania – P. mayo – P. mechowi – P. mechowiana – P. melonius – P. memnon – P. menatius – P. menestheus – P. microps – P. montrouzieri – P. morondavana – P. multicaudatus – P. natewa – P. nephelus – P. neumoegeni – P. neyi – P. nireus – P. nobilis – P. noblei – P. oenomaus – P. ophidicephalus – P. oribazus – P. ornythion – P. oxynius – P. paeon – P. palamedes – P. palinurus – P. paris – P. pelaus – P. pelodurus – P. peranthus – P. pericles – P. pharnaces – P. phestus – P. phorbanta – P. phorcas – P. pilumnus – P. pitmani – P. plagiatus – P. polyctor – P. polymnestor – P. polytes – P. polyxenes – P. protenor – P. rex – P. rogeri – P. rumanzovia – P. rumiko – P. rutulus – P. saharae – P. sataspes – P. scamander – P. schmeltzi – P. sosia – P. stewarti – P. syfanius – P. thaiwanus – P. thersites – P. thoas – P. thuraui – P. torquatus – P. troilus – P. tydeus – P. ufipa – P. ulysses – P. warscewiczii – P. weymeri – P. woodfordi – P. xanthopleura – P. xuthus – P. zagreus – P. zalmoxis – P. zelicaon – P. zenobia

[source: Catalogue of Life: 2013 Annual Checklist]
Nomen rejectum: P. ajax

Nomina dubia: P. damone – P. idmon – P. jason – P. timantes
Species names in synonymy

P. galanthis – P. marthesia
Name

Papilio Linnaeus, 1758
References
Primary references
Additional references

Tennent, W.J., Chandra, V. & Müller, C.J. 2018. A remarkable new swallowtail butterfly from Fiji (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo 39(2): 53-61. Reference page.

Vernacular names
עברית: זנב סנונית
日本語: アゲハチョウ属
македонски: Ластовичарка
中文: 鳳蝶屬

Papilio is a genus in the swallowtail butterfly family, Papilionidae, as well as the only representative of the tribe Papilionini. The word papilio is Latin for butterfly.[2]

It includes the common yellow swallowtail (Papilio machaon), which is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere and the type species of the genus, as well as a number of other well-known North American species such as the western tiger swallowtail (Papilio rutulus). Familiar species elsewhere in the world include the Mormons (Papilio polytes, Papilio polymnestor, Papilio memnon, and Papilio deiphobus) in Asia, the orchard and Ulysses swallowtails in Australia (Papilio aegeus, Papilio ulysses, respectively) and the citrus swallowtail of Africa (Papilio demodocus).

Older classifications of the swallowtails tended to use many rather small genera. More recent classifications have been more conservative, and as a result a number of former genera are now absorbed within Papilio, such as Achillides, Eleppone, Druryia, Heraclides (giant swallowtails), Menelaides, Princeps, Pterourus (tiger swallowtails), and Sinoprinceps. The genus as recognized by modern systems has about 200 members. The genus Chilasa is regarded as a subgenus of Papilio by some workers, as are the baggy-tailed swallowtails (Agehana), although the latter taxon is usually considered a subgenus of Chilasa.

Many of the larvae resemble bird droppings during a development stage. Adults are edible to birds and some species are mimics.[3]

Ecology

In their larval form, members of Papilio typically feed upon plants of Rutaceae including common ornamental and agriculturally important species such as Citrus species, Murraya species, Choisya species and Calodendrum species. Caterpillars sequester terpenoids from their diet to produce a foul smelling oil used in defence.
Species

Listed alphabetically within groups.[4]
subgenus: Papilio Linnaeus, 1758

species group: machaon

Papilio machaon, France

Papilio alexanor Esper, 1800 – southern swallowtail
Papilio brevicauda Saunders, 1869 – short-tailed swallowtail
Papilio hospiton Géné, 1839 – Corsican swallowtail
Papilio indra Reakirt, 1866 – Indra swallowtail, short-tailed black swallowtail, or cliff swallowtail
Papilio joanae J. Heitzman, 1973 – Ozark swallowtail
Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758 – Old World swallowtail, common yellow swallowtail, or artemisia swallowtail
Papilio polyxenes Fabricius, 1775 – black swallowtail, eastern black swallowtail, American swallowtail, or parsnip swallowtail
Papilio saharae Oberthür, 1879 – Sahara swallowtail
Papilio zelicaon Lucas, 1852 – anise swallowtail or western swallowtail

subgenus: Princeps Hübner, [1807]

species group: antimachus

Papilio antimachus Drury, 1782 – Antimachus swallowtail or giant African swallowtail

species group: zalmoxis

Papilio zalmoxis Hewitson, 1864 – giant blue swallowtail

species group: nireus

Broad green-banded swallowtail (Papilio chrapkowskii), Kenya
Narrow blue-banded swallowtail (Papilio nireus), Uganda

Papilio aristophontes Oberthür, 1897
Papilio charopus Westwood, 1843 – tailed green-banded swallowtail
Papilio chrapkowskii Suffert, 1904 – broad green-banded swallowtail or Chrapkowski's green-banded swallowtail
Papilio chrapkowskoides Storace, 1952 – broadly green-banded swallowtail
Papilio desmondi van Someren, 1939 – Desmond's green-banded swallowtail
Papilio hornimani Distant, 1879 – Horniman's green-banded swallowtail or Horniman's swallowtail
Papilio interjectana Vane-Wright, 1995 – Van Someren's green-banded swallowtail
Papilio nireus Linnaeus, 1758 – green-banded swallowtail, narrow-banded green swallowtail, or African blue-banded swallowtail
Papilio sosia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 – medium green-banded swallowtail
Papilio thuraui Karsch, 1900
Papilio ufipa Carcasson, 1961
Papilio wilsoni Rothschild, 1926

species group: cynorta

Papilio arnoldiana Vane-Wright, 1995
Papilio cynorta Fabricius, 1793 – mimetic swallowtail
Papilio plagiatus Aurivillius, 1898 – mountain mimetic swallowtail

species group: dardanus

African swallowtail (Papilio dardanus Ethiopia
Green-banded swallowtail (Papilio phorcas), Kenya

Papilio constantinus Ward, 1871 – Constantine's swallowtail
Papilio dardanus Brown, 1776 – mocker swallowtail, flying handkerchief, or African swallowtail
Papilio delalandei Godart, [1824]
Papilio phorcas Cramer, [1775] – apple-green swallowtail or green banded swallowtail
Papilio rex Oberthür, 1886 – regal swallowtail

species group: zenobia

Papilio cyproeofila Butler, 1868 – common white-banded swallowtail
Papilio fernandus Fruhstorfer, 1903
Papilio filaprae Suffert, 1904
Papilio gallienus Distant, 1879 – narrow-banded swallowtail
Papilio mechowi Dewitz, 1881
Papilio mechowianus Dewitz, 1885
Papilio nobicea Suffert, 1904 – Volta swallowtail
Papilio zenobia Fabricius, 1775 – Zenobia swallowtail

species group: demodocus

Citrus swallowtail (Papilio demodocus), South Africa
Lime butterfly (Papilio demoleus), India

Papilio demodocus Esper, 1799 – citrus swallowtail, citrus butterfly, orange dog, or Christmas butterfly
Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 – (common) lime swallowtail or lime butterfly
Papilio erithonioides Grose-Smith, 1891
Papilio grosesmithi Rothschild, 1926
Papilio morondavana Grose-Smith, 1891 – Madagascan emperor

species group: echerioides

Papilio echerioides Trimen, 1868 – white-banded swallowtail
Papilio fuelleborni Karsch, 1900
Papilio jacksoni Sharpe, 1891 – Jackson's swallowtail
Papilio sjoestedti Aurivillius, 1908 – Kilimanjaro swallowtail

species group: oribazus

Banded blue swallowtail (Papilio oribazus), Madagascar

Papilio epiphorbas Boisduval, 1833
Papilio nobilis Rogenhofer, 1891 – noble swallowtail
Papilio oribazus Boisduval, 1836

species group: hesperus

Papilio euphranor Trimen, 1868 – forest swallowtail or bush kite
Papilio hesperus Westwood, 1843 – emperor swallowtail
Papilio horribilis Butler, 1874
Papilio pelodurus Butler, 1896

species group: menestheus

Western emperor swallowtail (Papilio menestheus), Ghana

Papilio lormieri Distant, 1874 – central emperor swallowtail
Papilio menestheus Drury, 1773 – western emperor swallowtail
Papilio ophidicephalus Oberthür, 1878 – emperor swallowtail

species group: incertae sedis

Papilio mangoura, Madagascar

Papilio andronicus Ward, 1871
Papilio chitondensis Bivar de Sousa & Fernandes, 1966
Papilio leucotaenia Rothschild, 1908 – cream-banded swallowtail
Papilio luzviae Schröder & Treadaway, 1991
Papilio mackinnoni Sharpe, 1891 – MacKinnon's swallowtail
Papilio mangoura Hewitson, 1875 – Mangoura swallowtail
Papilio manlius Fabricius, 1798
Papilio microps Storace, 1951
Papilio nobicea Berger, 1974
Papilio phorbanta Linnaeus, 1771 – papillon la pature

species group: noblei

Papilio antonio Hewitson, [1875]
Papilio noblei de Nicéville, [1889]

species group: demolion

Papilio demolion Cramer, [1776] – banded swallowtail
Papilio euchenor Guérin-Méneville, 1829
Papilio gigon C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864
Papilio liomedon Moore, [1875] – Malabar banded swallowtail

species group: anactus

Papilio anactus MacLeay, [1826] – dingy swallowtail
Papilio natewa Tennent et al., [2018] – Natewa swallowtail[5]

species group: aegeus

Papilio aegeus Donovan, 1805 – orchard swallowtail
Papilio bridgei Mathew, 1886
Papilio erskinei Mathew, 1886
Papilio gambrisius Cramer, [1777]
Papilio inopinatus Butler, 1883
Papilio ptolychus Godman & Salvin, 1888
Papilio tydeus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1860
Papilio weymeri Niepelt, 1914
Papilio woodfordi Godman & Salvin, 1888 – Woodford's swallowtail

species group: godeffroyi

Papilio amynthor Boisduval, 1859 – Norfolk swallowtail
Papilio godeffroyi Semper, 1866 – Godeffroy's swallowtail
Papilio schmeltzi Herrich-Schäffer, 1869

species group: polytes

Common Mormon (Papilio polytes), India

Papilio ambrax Boisduval, 1832 – Ambrax butterfly
Papilio phestus Guérin-Méneville, 1830
Papilio polytes Linnaeus, 1758 – common Mormon

species group: castor

Papilio castor Westwood, 1842 – common raven
Papilio dravidarum Wood-Mason, 1880 – Malabar raven
Papilio mahadeva Moore, [1879] – Burmese raven

species group: fuscus

Papilio albinus Wallace, 1865
Papilio diophantus Grose-Smith, 1883
Papilio fuscus Goeze, 1779 – Canopus butterfly
Papilio hipponous C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862
Papilio jordani Fruhstorfer, 1906 – Jordan's swallowtail
Papilio pitmani Elwes & de Nicéville, [1887]
Papilio prexaspes C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865 – Andaman Helen
Papilio sakontala Hewitson, 1864

species group: helenus

Papilio helenus Linnaeus, 1758 – red Helen
Papilio iswara White, 1842 – great Helen
Papilio iswaroides Fruhstorfer, 1898
Papilio nephelus Boisduval, 1836 – yellow Helen
Papilio nubilus Staudinger, 1895
Papilio sataspes C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865

species group: memnon

Blue Mormon Papilio polymnestor, India

Papilio acheron Grose-Smith, 1887 – Acheron swallowtail
Papilio ascalaphus Boisduval, 1836 – Ascalaphus swallowtail
Papilio deiphobus Linnaeus, 1758
Papilio forbesi Grose-Smith, 1883
Papilio lampsacus Boisduval, 1836
Papilio lowi H. Druce, 1873 – Asian swallowtail or great yellow Mormon
Papilio mayo Atkinson, 1873 – Andaman Mormon
Papilio memnon Linnaeus, 1758 – great Mormon
Papilio oenomaus Godart, 1819
Papilio polymnestor Cramer, [1775] – blue Mormon
Papilio rumanzovia Eschscholtz, 1821 – scarlet Mormon or red Mormon

species group: protenor

Papilio alcmenor C. Felder & R. Felder, [1864] – redbreast
Papilio macilentus Janson, 1877
Papilio protenor – spangle
Papilio taiwanus Rothschild, 1898 – Formosan swallowtail

species group: bootes

Papilio bootes Westwood, 1842 – tailed redbreast
Papilio elwesi Leech, 1889
Papilio maraho Shiraki & Sonan, 1934

subgenus: Chilasa Moore, [1881]

species group: agestor

Papilio agestor Gray, 1831 – tawny mime
Papilio epycides Hewitson, [1864] – lesser mime
Papilio slateri Hewitson, 1853 – blue-striped mime

species group: clytia

Papilio clytia Linnaeus, 1758 – common mime
Papilio paradoxa (Zincken, 1831) – great mime

species group: veiovis

Papilio veiovis Hewitson, [1865]

species group: laglaizei

Papilio laglaizei Depuiset, 1877
Papilio moerneri Aurivillius, 1919
Papilio toboroi Ribbe, 1907

species group: unnamed

Papilio carolinensis Jumalon, 1967
Papilio osmana Jumalon, 1967

subgenus: Achillides Hübner, [1819]

species group: paris

Papilio arcturus Westwood, 1842 – blue peacock
Papilio bianor Cramer, [1777] – Chinese peacock
Papilio chikae Igarashi, 1965 – Luzon peacock swallowtail
Papilio dialis Leech, 1893 – southern Chinese peacock
Papilio doddsi Janet, 1896
Papilio elephenor Doubleday, 1845 – yellow-crested spangle
Papilio hoppo Matsumura, 1908
Papilio karna C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864
Papilio krishna Moore, 1857 – Krishna peacock
Papilio longimacula Z.G. Wang & Y. Niu, 2002
Papilio maackii Ménétriés, 1859 – alpine black swallowtail
Papilio paris Linnaeus, 1758 – Paris peacock
Papilio polyctor Boisduval, 1836 – common peacock

Malabar banded peacock (Papilio buddha)
Common banded peacock (Papilio crino), India

species group: palinurus

Papilio blumei Boisduval, 1836 – peacock or green swallowtail
Papilio buddha Westwood, 1872 – Malabar banded peacock
Papilio crino Fabricius, 1793 – common banded peacock
Papilio palinurus Fabricius, 1787 – emerald swallowtail

species group: unnamed

Papilio lorquinianus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865
Papilio neumoegeni Honrath, 1890
Papilio peranthus Fabricius, 1787
Papilio pericles Wallace, 1865

species group: ulysses

Papilio montrouzieri Boisduval, 1859
Papilio syfanius Oberthür, 1886
Papilio ulysses Linnaeus, 1758 – Ulysses, mountain blue, blue emperor, or blue mountain swallowtail

subgenus: Heraclides Hübner, [1819]

species group: anchisiades

Prickly ash swallowtail (Papilio pelaus), Jamaica

Papilio anchisiades Esper, 1788 – ruby-spotted swallowtail or red-spotted swallowtail
Papilio chiansiades Westwood, 1872
Papilio epenetus Hewitson, 1861
Papilio erostratus Westwood, 1847 – Erostratus swallowtail
Papilio hyppason Cramer, 1775
Papilio isidorus Doubleday, 1846
Papilio oxynius (Geyer, [1827])
Papilio pelaus Fabricius, 1775
Papilio rogeri Boisduval, 1836

species group: thoas

Bahamian swallowtail (Papilio andraemon), Jamaica

Papilio andraemon (Hübner, [1823]) – Bahaman swallowtail
Papilio androgeus Cramer, [1775] – Androgeus swallowtail, queen page, or queen swallowtail
Papilio aristodemus Esper, 1794 – Schaus' swallowtail or island swallowtail
Papilio aristor Godart, 1819 – scarce Haitian swallowtail
Papilio astyalus Godart, 1819 – broad-banded swallowtail or Astyalus swallowtail
Papilio caiguanabus Poey, [1852] – Poey's black swallowtail
Papilio cresphontes Cramer, [1777] – giant swallowtail
Papilio homothoas Rothschild & Jordan, 1906
Papilio machaonides Esper, 1796
Papilio melonius Rothschild & Jordan, 1906
Papilio ornythion Boisduval, 1836 – Ornythion swallowtail
Papilio paeon Boisduval, 1836
Papilio rumiko (Shiraiwa & Grishin, 2014)
Papilio thersites Fabricius, 1775 – Thersites swallowtail or false Androgeus swallowtail
Papilio thoas Linnaeus, 1771 – Thoas swallowtail or king swallowtail

species group: torquatus

Papilio garleppi Staudinger, 1892 – Garlepp's swallowtail
Papilio hectorides Esper, 1794
Papilio himeros Hopffer, 1865 – Himeros swallowtail
Papilio lamarchei Staudinger, 1892
Papilio torquatus Cramer, 1777 – Torquatus swallowtail

species group: unnamed

Papilio okinawensis Fruhstorfer, 1898

subgenus: Pterourus Scopoli, 1777

species group: troilus

Spicebush swallowtail (Papilio troilus)

Papilio palamedes Drury, [1773] – Palamedes swallowtail or laurel swallowtail
Papilio troilus Linnaeus, 1758 – spicebush swallowtail

species group: glaucus

Canadian tiger swallowtail (Papilio canadensis), Canada
Two-tailed swallowtail (Papilio multicaudata), Mexico

Papilio alexiares Höpffer, 1866 – Mexican tiger swallowtail
Papilio appalachiensis (Pavulaan & Wright, 2002) – Appalachian tiger swallowtail
Papilio canadensis Rothschild & Jordan, 1906 – Canadian tiger swallowtail
Papilio esperanza Beutelspacher, 1975 – Esperanza swallowtail
Papilio eurymedon Lucas, 1852 – pale swallowtail or pallid tiger swallowtail
Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758 – eastern tiger swallowtail
Papilio multicaudata Kirby, 1884 – two-tailed swallowtail
Papilio pilumnus Boisduval, 1836 – three-tailed tiger swallowtail
Papilio rutulus Lucas, 1852 – western tiger swallowtail

species group: zagreus

Papilio bachus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865
Papilio neyi Niepelt, 1909
Papilio zagreus Doubleday, 1847

species group: scamander

Papilio birchallii Hewitson, 1863
Papilio hellanichus Hewitson, 1868
Papilio scamander Boisduval, 1836
Papilio xanthopleura Godman & Salvin, 1868

species group: homerus

Papilio cacicus Lucas, 1852
Papilio euterpinus Salvin & Godman, 1868
Papilio garamas (Geyer, [1829])
Papilio homerus Fabricius, 1793 – Homerus swallowtail
Papilio judicael Oberthür, 1888 (tentatively placed here, may be hybrid)
Papilio menatius (Hübner, [1819])
Papilio warscewiczii Hopffer, 1865

subgenus: Sinoprinceps Hancock, 1983

Papilio benguetanus Joicey & Talbot, 1923

species group: xuthus Hancock, 1983

Papilio xuthus Linnaeus, 1767 – Asian, Xuthus, or Chinese yellow swallowtail

References

Papilio at Butterflies and Moths of the World, Natural History Museum
Fabales. (2009) In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 September 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: [1]
The Butterflies of North America, James A. Scott, ISBN 0-8047-1205-0, 1986
Savela, Markku (March 20, 2019). "Papilio Linnaeus, 1758". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
"Lepidopterists Discover New Swallowtail Species on Fiji | Biology | Sci-News.com". Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com. Retrieved 2018-11-04.