Orthetrum

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Cladus: Odonatoptera
Cladus: Holodonata
Ordo: Odonata
Subordo: Epiprocta
Infraordo: Anisoptera
Superfamilia: Libelluloidea

Familia: Libellulidae
Subfamilia: Libellulinae
Genus: Orthetrum
Species: O. abbotti – O. africanum – O. albistylum – O. anceps – O. angustiventre – O. austeni – O. austrosundanum – O. azureum – O. balteatum – O. borneense – O. boumiera – O. brachiale – O. brunneum – O. caffrum – O. caledonicum – O. cancellatum – O. capense – O. chrysis – O. chrysostigma – O. coerulescens – O. glaucum – O. guineense – O. guptai – O. helena – O. hintzi – O. icteromelan – O. japonicum – O. julia – O. kollmannspergeri – O. kristenseni – O. latihami – O. lemur – O. lineostigma – O. luzonicum – O. machadoi – O. macrostigma – O. martensi – O. microstigma – O. migratum – O. monardi – O. nitidinerve – O. poecilops – O. pruinosum – O. ransonnetii – O. robustum – O. rubens – O. sabina – O. saegeri – O. sagitta – O. serapia – O. signiferum – O. silvarum – O. stemmale – O. taeniolatum – O. testaceum – O. translatum – O. triangulare – O. trinacria – O. villosovittatum

Name

Orthetrum Newman, 1833

Orthetrum testaceum, Biology Stamps

References

Steinhoff, P.O.M., Butler, S.G. & Dow, R.A. 2016. Description of the final instar larva of Orthetrum borneense Kimmins, 1936 (Odonata, Libellulidae), using rearing and molecular methods. Zootaxa 4083(1): 99–108. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.1.5.Reference page.

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Blaupfeile
日本語: シオカラトンボ属
Nederlands: Oeverlibellen
русский: Ортетрумы
中文: 灰蜻屬

Orthetrum is a large genus of dragonflies in the Libellulidae family.[2] They are commonly referred to as skimmers.

The size of adults within the genus ranges from small to large; in Africa, the hindwing ranges in length from 22 to 50 mm. The bodies of adult females and recently emerged males are yellow to brown with black markings; these may facilitate identification of individuals to species level. Mature males, however, develop blue-grey pruinosity over most of their bodies - this makes species identification difficult without the capture of a specimen and inspection of the shape of the hamule.[3]

Species

The genus Orthetrum includes the following species:[4]

Scientific name[a]	Common name	IUCN Red List Status	Distribution	Picture (Male)	Picture (Female)
Orthetrum abbotti Calvert, 1892	Abbott's skimmer	LC IUCN[5]	Sub-Saharan Africa, Jordan and Yemen.[6]
Orthetrum africanum (Selys, 1887)		LC IUCN	Central and Western Africa[7]
Orthetrum albistylum Selys, 1848	White-tailed skimmer[8]	LC IUCN	Europe to China and Japan[9]
Orthetrum anceps (Schneider, 1845)			Europe, India, and northern Africa[10]
Orthetrum angustiventre (Rambur, 1842)	Many-celled skimmer[11]	LC IUCN	Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and possibly Tanzania.
Orthetrum austeni (Kirby, 1900)	Giant skimmer	LC IUCN[12]
Orthetrum austrosundanum Lieftinck, 1953
Orthetrum azureum (Rambur, 1842)		LC	Madagascar
Orthetrum balteatum Lieftinck, 1933	Speckled skimmer[13]	NT IUCN[14]
Orthetrum borneense Kimmins, 1936		DD IUCN
Orthetrum boumiera Watson & Arthington, 1978	Brownwater skimmer	NT IUCN[15]
Orthetrum brachiale (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805)	Tough skimmer	LC IUCN[16]	Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Réunion, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, possibly Burundi, and possibly São Tomé and Príncipe
Orthetrum brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837)	Southern skimmer	LC IUCN	Europe[17] and the range extends to Mongolia and North Africa.
Orthetrum caffrum (Burmeister, 1839)	Two-striped skimmer, white-lined skimmer	LC IUCN[18]	Angola, Cameroon, Chad, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, possibly Burundi, and possibly Gambia
Orthetrum caledonicum (Brauer, 1865)	Blue skimmer	LC[19]
Orthetrum cancellatum (Linnaeus, 1758)	Black-tailed skimmer		Albania, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France (Corsica, and mainland), Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey (Turkey-in-Europe), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and in part of United Kingdom
Orthetrum capense Calvert, 1893		LC
Orthetrum chrysis (Selys, 1891)		LC
Orthetrum chrysostigma (Burmeister, 1839)	Epaulet skimmer	LC
Orthetrum coerulescens (Fabricius, 1798)	Keeled skimmer	LC
Orthetrum glaucum (Brauer, 1865)	Blue marsh hawk	LC IUCN[20]
Orthetrum guineense Ris, 1909	Guinea skimmer	LC IUCN[21]	Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi
Orthetrum guptai Baijal, 1955		LC
Orthetrum helena Buchholz, 1954		LC
Orthetrum hintzi Schmidt, 1951	Hintz's skimmer	LC IUCN[22]	Angola, Benin, Botswana, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi
Orthetrum icteromelas Ris, 1910	Spectacled skimmer	LC IUCN[23]	Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi
Orthetrum japonicum (Uhler, 1858)		LC
Orthetrum julia Kirby, 1900	Julia skimmer	LC IUCN[24]	Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, possibly Burundi, and possibly Madagascar
Orthetrum kollmannspergeri Buchholz, 1959		LC IUCN
Orthetrum kristenseni Ris, 1911		LC IUCN	Ethiopia
Orthetrum latihami Pinhey, 1966		LC IUCN	Central Africa
Orthetrum lemur Ris, 1909		LC IUCN
Orthetrum lineostigma (Selys, 1886)		LC IUCN
Orthetrum luzonicum (Brauer, 1868)		LC IUCN
Orthetrum machadoi Longfield, 1955	Machado's skimmer	LC IUCN[25]	Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi
Orthetrum macrostigma Longfield, 1947		LC	Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, and possibly Zambia
Orthetrum malgassicum Pinhey, 1970		LC
Orthetrum martensi Asahina, 1978		LC
Orthetrum melania (Selys, 1883)		LC
Orthetrum microstigma Ris, 1911		LC	Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia
Orthetrum migratum Lieftinck, 1951	Rosy skimmer	LC IUCN[26]
Orthetrum monardi Schmidt, 1951		LC	Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia
Orthetrum nitidinerve (Selys, 1841)	Yellow-veined skimmer	LC
Orthetrum poecilops Ris, 1916	Mangrove skimmer	VU[27]
Orthetrum pruinosum (Burmeister, 1839)	Crimson-tailed marsh hawk	LC[28]
Orthetrum ransonnetii (Brauer, 1865)	Desert skimmer	LC	Western Sahara, Sudan, Niger, Chad, Algeria, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Oman, United Arab Emirates

Orthetrum robustum Balinsky, 1965	Robust skimmer	LC[29]
Orthetrum rubens Barnard, 1937	Elusive skimmer	CR IUCN[30]	South Africa
Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)	Slender skimmer	LC
Orthetrum saegeri Pinhey, 1966		LC	Cameroon,Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia
Orthetrum sagitta Ris, 1915	Arrow skimmer	LC[31]	Sierra Leone
Orthetrum serapia Watson, 1984	Green skimmer	LC
Orthetrum signiferum Lieftinck, 1926		LC
Orthetrum silvarum Lieftinck, 1934		LC
Orthetrum stemmale (Burmeister, 1839)	Stemmale skimmer	LC IUCN[32]	Angola, Benin, Botswana, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi
Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider, 1845)	Small skimmer	LC[33]
Orthetrum testaceum (Burmeister, 1839)		LC	India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.[34]
Orthetrum translatum Bartenev, 1929		LC
Orthetrum triangulare (Selys, 1878)	Blue-tailed forest hawk[35]	LC [36]
Orthetrum trinacria (Selys, 1841)	Long skimmer	LC	Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Ethiopia, France (Corsica), Gambia, Ghana, Italy (Sicily and Sardinia), Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi
Orthetrum villosovittatum (Brauer, 1868)	Fiery skimmer	LC[37]

Notes

A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Orthetrum.

References

Newman, Edward (1833). "Entomological notes". Entomological Magazine. London. 1: 505–514 [511] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
"Genus Orthetrum Newman, 1833". Australian Faunal Directory. Australian Biological Resources Study. 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
Dijkstra, K.-D. B. "ADDO -- African Dragonflies and Damselflies Online". www.zoology.uct.ac.za. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
Martin Schorr; Martin Lindeboom; Dennis Paulson. "World Odonata List". University of Puget Sound. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
Clausnitzer, V.; Suhling, F. & Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2009). "Orthetrum abbotti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/DENISIA_0014_0309-0317.pdf[bare URL PDF]
Clausnitzer, V. & Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2010). "Orthetrum africanum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T184246A8252508. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T184246A8252508.en. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
"Checklist, English common names". DragonflyPix.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
Dow, R.A. 2010. Orthetrum albistylum. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2010). "Orthetrum angustiventre". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T59949A12179210. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T59949A12179210.en. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum austeni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Theischinger, G.; Hawking, J. (2006). The Complete Field Guide to Dragonflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 0-643-09073-8.
Dow, R.A. (2017). "Orthetrum balteatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T163903A87528450. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T163903A87528450.en. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
Dow, R.A. (2017). "Orthetrum boumiera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T87535148A87540029. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T87535148A87540029.en.
Clausnitzer, V. & Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2009). "Orthetrum brachiale". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
"Orthetrum brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837) | Fauna Europaea". Fauna-eu.org. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
Suhling, F. & Clausnitzer, V. (2008). "Orthetrum caffrum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Dow, R.A. (2017). "Orthetrum caledonicum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T83369732A83383908. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T83369732A83383908.en. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
Dow, R.A. (2009). "Orthetrum glaucum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T163780A5650496. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T163780A5650496.en.
Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum guineense". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum hintzi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum icteromelas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum julia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum machadoi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Hawking, J. (2009). "Orthetrum migratum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T163524A5611321. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T163524A5611321.en. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
Wilson, K. D. P. (2009). "Orthetrum poecilops". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T60302A12340184. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T60302A12340184.en. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
Sharma, G. (2010). "Orthetrum pruinosum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T167097A6301540. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T167097A6301540.en.
Suhling, F. (2010). "Orthetrum robustum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T63204A12629389. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T63204A12629389.en. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
Samways, M.J. (2007). "Orthetrum rubens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Clausnitzer, V. & Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2010). "Orthetrum sagitta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T169242A6596337. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T169242A6596337.en. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum stemmale". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Mitra, A. (2013). "Orthetrum taeniolatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T163664A5632305. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T165506A17533964.en. Retrieved 15 February 2017.{{cite iucn}}: error: |doi= / |page= mismatch (help)
Wilson, K.D.P. 2013. Orthetrum testaceum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 03 July 2015.
Subramanian, K. A. (2005). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Peninsular India (PDF).
Dow, R.A. (2010). "Orthetrum triangulare". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T163664A5632305. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T167098A6301833.en. Retrieved 15 February 2017.{{cite iucn}}: error: |doi= / |page= mismatch (help)
Dow, R.A. (2017). "Orthetrum villosovittatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T83369839A83383913. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T83369839A83383913.en. Retrieved 17 December 2017.