Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Supercohort: Polyneoptera
Cohort: Anartioptera
Magnordo: Polyorthoptera
Superordo: Orthopterida
OrdoPhasmatodea
Subordo: Verophasmatodea
Infraordo: Areolatae
Superfamilia: Bacilloidea
Familia: Heteropterygidae
Subfamilia: Dataminae
Tribus: Datamini
Genus: Orestes
Species: O. bachmaensis – O. botot – O. diabolicus – O. dittmari – O. draegeri – O. guangxiensis – O. japonicus – O. krijnsi – O. mouhotii – O. shirakii – O. subcylindricus
Name
Orestes Redtenbacher, 1906
References
Brock, P.D. 2018. Genus Orestes Redtenbacher, 1906. Phasmida Species File (Version 5.0/5.0). Online. Reference page.
Bresseel, J. & Constant, J. 2018. The Oriental stick insect genus Orestes Redtenbacher, 1906: Taxonomical notes and six new species from Vietnam (Phasmida: Heteropterygidae: Dataminae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 58: 1–62. Full article (PDF). Reference page.
The genus Orestes combines relatively small and elongated Phasmatodea species from Southeast and East Asia.[1]
Characteristics
The representatives of this genus are rather small with 3.2 to 4.5 centimetres (1.3 to 1.8 in) in the males and 3.8 to 5.5 centimetres (1.5 to 2.2 in) in females. Both sexes are always wingless and colored in different shades of beige to brown and often show high-contrast drawings with white areas, especially in younger females and female nymphs. Males are more of a single color in different shades of brown. The thorax is cylindrical or approximately cylindrical, unlike that of representatives of the genus Pylaemenes, whose meso- and metanotum is flattened or slightly roof-shaped, with a clearly raised central and two lateral longitudinal keels. The mesonotum of the Orestes females is slightly widened to the rear and there are often two lateral longitudinal rows of tubercles. The legs and especially the femura of the forelegs often have clear edges. The abdomen of adult, egg-laying females is clearly enlarged towards the middle. On the fourth and fifth segment there is a clear elevation and on the ninth there is a centrally seated, rearward-facing ridge. The last segment, called anal segment, unlike in Pylaemenes, is not strongly triangularly tapered backwards and notched at the end. As is typical for the Dataminae, they do not have an ovipositor to lay eggs. There are three rows of appendages on the head. These can merge to form a towering structure, which is typical of the species, such as in Orestes guangxiensis or Orestes bachmaensis. In other species they are reduced to the size of tubercles, which means that the head can be very flat, such as in Orestes mouhotii or Orestes draegeri. In the males, these structures are always formed as distinct areas formed into spines, spikes or, as in Orestes mouhotii and Orestes draegeri, into semicircular, ear-like structures (auricles). Their legs are shaped like those of the females. On the thorax there may be smaller bumps or several, sometimes long, spines on the metathorax as in Orestes botot or on the meso- and metathorax as in Orestes diabolicus are located. Overall, they appear in the habitus significantly smaller and slimmer than the females. In contrast to Pylaemenes males, their ninth abdominal tergite is not widened backwards.[2][3][4][5]
Distribution area, way of life and reproduction
The relatively large distribution area extends from Southeast to East Asia and extends from the Andamans, over Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Singapore to Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand and South China including Hong Kong to the south of Japan. Males are sometimes rare or not known and some of the species are at least regional parthenogenetic.[1][5][6][7]
The nocturnal animals hide during the day in the leafy layer of the ground or behind bark. They are very lazy during the day and pretend to be dead when discovered. When touched, they drop to the ground with their forelegs and antennae stretched out and the middle and rear legs bent against the body, where they playing dead. The females lay only one to three eggs per week on the ground during their average one to two year life. These are 2.5 to 4.0 millimetres (0.098 to 0.157 in) long and 2.5 to 3.1 millimetres (0.098 to 0.122 in) wide and more or less hairy. The 7 to 15 millimetres (0.28 to 0.59 in) long nymphs hatch two to six months after egg-laying, depending on the species, and take between half a year and more than a year to become adult.[2][3][8][9]
Taxonomy
female nymph from Orestes verruculatus, image from Redtenbacher's first description of the genus from 1906
Female of a species described in 2016 as Pylaemenes elenamikhailorum which is part of Orestes according to their habitus
The long time monotypic genus Orestes was established in 1906 by Josef Redtenbacher in the first description of Orestes verruculatus.[10] The name of genus is derived from Orestes, a figure of Greek mythology and means in ancient Greek Ορέστης and thus literally "who stands on a mountain" or "mountain dweller". A species already described by Henry Walter Bates under the name Acanthoderus mouhotii in 1865, which was called Datames mouhotii or Pylaemenes mouhotii around 1999-2000, was named in 1999 by Ingo Fritzsche for the first time and later in the same year by Oliver Zompro and Fritzsche as Orestes mouho(u)tii.[7][11] Although Zompro is the first author of one of the 1999 papers, in 2004 he prioritized a work he published in 2000 as the first mention of Orestes mouhotii. In addition, he synonymized several species with Orestes mouhotii, including the previous type species Orestes verruculatus. This made Orestes mouhotii or better its synonym Orestes verruculatus the valid type species of the genus. Whether Zompro continued to regard Orestes as monotypic is not clear from his work. The reason for this is the double listing of the Datames cylindripes which have been synonymized since 1934/35[12] (also today synonym with Pylaemenes oileus). On the one hand, he has this in the list of synonyms. On the other hand, he lists them in an identification key as Orestes cylindripes and thus as the second valid species transferred to the genus Orestes.[13]
As part of the description of six new species from Vietnam, Joachim Bresseel and Jérôme Constant in 2018 introduced a new delimitation between the genera Pylaemenes and Orestes,[5] which was confirmed by genetic analysis in 2021.[14] In addition to the six newly described species, Pylaemenes guangxiensis, Pylaemenes shirakii and Pylaemenes japonicus have been transferred to the genus Orestes and Orestes subcylindricus, synonymized by Zompro in 2004, revalidated.[5] In 1999 Zompro and Fritzsche published the description of Dares ziegleri, whose affiliation to Dares is already discussed in the first description. Unlike all other Dares species, it was not found on Borneo or in the immediate vicinity of Borneo, but relatively far away in Thailand.[11] In 2004 Zompro withdrew the name and synonymized it with Datames guangxiensis, which he also placed in the genus Dares.[13] Paul D. Brock and Masaya Okada repealed both the synonymization of Dares ziegleri and the assignment of Datames guangxiensis to Dares again. They placed the latter in the genus Pylaemenes, where it remained until 2018.[15] Dares ziegleri was placed in the genus Orestes by Bressel and Kawin Jiaranaisakul in 2021. According to the differentiation published by Bresseel and Constant in 2018, some species previously listed in Pylaemenes such as Pylaemenes elenamikhailorum described from Borneo in 2016 or Pylaemenes konchurangensis and Pylaemenes konkakinhensis, have to be transferred in the genus Orestes.[16][17]
Valid species are:[1]
Orestes bachmaensis Bresseel & Constant, 2018
Orestes botot Bresseel & Constant, 2018
Orestes diabolicus Bresseel & Constant, 2018
Orestes dittmari Bresseel & Constant, 2018
Orestes draegeri Bresseel & Constant, 2018
Orestes guangxiensis (Bi & Li, 1994)
(syn. = Pylaemenes hongkongensis Brock & Seow-Choen, 2000)
Orestes japonicus (Ho, 2016)
Orestes krijnsi Bresseel & Constant, 2018
Orestes mouhotii (Bates, 1865)
(syn. = Dares fulmeki Werner, 1934)
(syn. = Orestes verruculatus Redtenbacher, 1906)
Orestes shirakii (Ho & Brock, 2013)
Orestes subcylindricus (Redtenbacher, 1906)
Orestes ziegleri (Zompro & Fritzsche, 1999)
| Orestes |
|
Relationships of the genetic analysis examined Orestes species or stocks by Sarah Bank et al. (2021)[14]
In their work on the phylogeny of the Heteropterygidae, which was published in 2021 and was mainly based on genetic analysis, Sarah Bank et al. show, among other things, the position of the genus in the family as well as also the relationships within the genus. Following this work, the species from the Kirirom National Park in Cambodia which is in breed since 2015 is Orestes mouhotii. Its sister species is an as yet undescribed species from the Andamans. Both form a common clade with Orestes draegeri described in 2018. According to this work, Orestes draegeri includes other stocks collected in Vietnam and at least one stock from Thailand or West Malaysia that has been known for a long time under the name Orestes mouhotii. In addition to the species originating from the Andaman Islands, two other species not previously described have been identified as separate species.[14]
Terraristic
Several species as well as some undescribed or identified stocks of the genus are present in the terrariums of enthusiasts. The most widespread were long those listed by the Phasmid Study Group under PSG number 192 and assigned to Orestes mouhotii, as well as Orestes guangxiensis listed under PSG number 248. Both have been held since around the late 1990s. While Orestes guangxiensis is only parthenogenetically bred, the species listed under PSG number 192 was briefly kept as a sexual strain from Thailand around 2000.[8][18][19]
Another purely parthenogenic stock, which was imported from the north of Taiwan in 2008, was temporarily referred to as Pylaemenes guangxiensis 'Taiwan'. This species is in fact Orestes shirakii described in 2013 in the genus Pylaemenes.[20][21][22]
Various other breeding stocks were imported by the Dutch - Belgian working group Phasma, most of which were collected by Joachim Bresseel and Jérôme Constant in Vietnam and were brought into breeding with varying degrees of success. Three sexual and one parthenogenic stock were described by Bresseel and Constant in 2018. On the one hand, this was a 2011 in Bạch Mã National Park collected and after this location Pylaemenes sp. 'Bach Ma' called sexual stock. It is listed under PSG number 267 and has been described as Orestes bachmaensis. Another species is Orestes draegeri collected in Dong Nai in 2012, which is listed under PSG number 397 and was initially called Pylaemenes sp. 'Dong Nai'. According to more recent studies, the stocks of PSG number 192 from Thailand and West Malaysia, originally kept as Orestes mouhotii, can be assigned to this species. The closely related, real Orestes mouhotii has been in breeding in both sexes from the Kirirom National Park in Cambodia since 2015.[14] The third sexually breeding species is Orestes krijnsi, which was found in 2014 in the Núi Chúa National Park and initially called Pylaemenes sp. 'Nui Chua'. As Orestes dittmari a parthenogenetically breeding stck was described, which was found in 2013 in the Cát Bà National Park. The species Orestes subcylindricus, which has been valid again since 2018, is also in breeding as a sexual stock. This was collected in 2011 in the Cúc Phương National Park.
In addition, further parthenogenetic stocks of Orestes draegeri have been imported from Vietnam by Bresseel and Constant, for example in 2015 from the Ba Bể National Park and the Melinh biodiversity station, 2017 from the Bạch Mã National Park and 2017 from the Pù Mát National Park. They imported parthenogenic stocks of still undescribed species in 2013 from the Tay Yen Tu nature reserve, in 2015 from the National Park Ba Bể and in 2018 from the Chu Mom Ray National Park, which corresponds closely to the description of Dares ziegleri. Sexual stocks were also imported from Kẻ Gỗ Nature Reserve and from Kon Ka Kinh National Park in 2018. The latter is the smallest known species of the genus so far.[14] Imported live to Europe, but no longer in breeding are stocks from the following localities: Bidoup Núi Bà National Park (2014), Phước Bình National Park (two stocks 2014) and Phuong Dien (2017). Another sexual breeding stock that based to a female collected in July 2016 in the Ngo Luong nature reserve was initially called Orestes sp. 'Ngo Luong'. In 2020 Bresseel and Constant described the species in a newly established genus as Microrestes robustus.[22]
Another sexual stock from Japan has been kept and bred by European breeders since 2013. It was collected by Kazuhisa Kuribayashi on Okinawa and initially referred to as Pylaemenes guangxiensis by him. Elsewhere it was named Pylaemenes sp. 'Okinawa (Iceland)'. In 2018, Bresseel and Constant recognized his affiliation with Orestes japonicus. Also in 2013 Elena Tkacheva and Mikhail Berezin collected a species belonging to Orestes in Borneo, more precisely in Sepilok, which was described in 2016 as Pylaemenes elenamikhailorum. It has been kept as a sexual stock in Russia since it was found and in Germany since 2020. From the Andamans, a sexual stock collected by Christoph Röhrs has been in breeding since 2018, whose representatives have been identified as sister species to Orestes mouhotii.[5][14][18]
Female of an undescribed species, known as Orestes sp. 'Chu Mom Ray'
Pair of a small, undescribed species, known as Orestes sp. 'Kon Ka Kinh'
Female of an undescribed species, known as Orestes sp. 'Tay Yen Tu'
References
Brock, P. D.; Büscher, T. H. & Baker, E. W. Phasmida Species File Online. Version 5.0/5.0 (accessdate 5 June 2022)
Bragg, P. E. (2001). Phasmids of Borneo, Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, 2001, pp. 124–188, ISBN 983-812-027-8
Seiler, C; Bradler, S. & Koch, R. (2000). Phasmiden – Pflege und Zucht von Gespenstschrecken, Stabschrecken und Wandelnden Blättern im Terrarium. bede, Ruhmannsfelden, ISBN 3-933646-89-8
Eugène Bruins, E. (2006). Illustrierte Terrarien Enzyklopädie, Dörfler Verlag, Eggolsheim, pp. 72–73, ISBN 978-3-89555-423-0
Bresseel, J. & Constant, J. (2018). The Oriental stick insect genus Orestes Redtenbacher, 1906: Taxonomical notes and six new species from Vietnam (Phasmida: Heteropterygidae: Dataminae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 58: pp. 1–62, Brussel, ISSN 1374-5514,
Seow-Choen, F. (2005). Phasmids of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, p. 104, ISBN 983-812-109-6
Fritzsche, I. (1999). Ein Beispiel für die artspezifische Differenzierung eines Habitats in den nördlichen Ausläufern des Khao Yai, Thailand, anhand einiger Phasmiden (Phasmatodea). Entomologische Zeitschrift 109(2), p. 80, ISSN 0013-8843
phasmatodea.com by Hennemann, F. H.; Conle, O. V., Kneubühler, B. & Valero, P.
stabschrecken.com (2010). Haltungsberichte - Stabschrecken, Gespenstschrecken, Wandelnde Blätter, iter novellum Verlag, Saarbrücken, p. 71, ISBN 978-3-00-031913-6
Redtenbacher, J. (1906). Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 1. Phasmidae Areolatae. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, p. 47
Zompro, O. & Fritzsche, I. (1999). Dares ziegleri n.sp., eine neue Phasmide aus Thailand (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae: Obriminae: Datamini), Arthropoda - Magazin für Wirbellose im Terrarium, Jahrgang 7(1), pp. 10–12, ISSN 0943-7274
Günther, K. (1935). Phasmoiden von den Talaud-Inseln und von der Insel Morotai, mit kritischen Bemerkungen über einzelne Arten und einem zoogeographischen Anhang, Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde Freies Berlin, Nr. 5, pp. 77–77
Zompro, O. (2004). Revision of the genera of the Areolatae, including the status of Timema and Agathemera (Insecta, Phasmatodea), Goecke & Evers, Keltern-Weiler, pp. 221–223, ISBN 978-3931374396
Bank, S.; Buckley, T. R.; Büscher, T. H.; Bresseel, J.; Constant, J.; de Haan, M.; Dittmar, D.; Dräger, H.; Kahar, R. S.; Kang, A.; Kneubühler, B.; Langton-Myers, S. & Bradler, S. (2021). Reconstructing the nonadaptive radiation of an ancient lineage of ground-dwelling stick insects (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae), Systematic Entomology, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12472
Brock, P. D. & Okada, M. (2005). Taxonomic notes on Pylaemenes Stål 1875 (Phasmida: Heteropterygidae: Dataminae), including of the description of the male of P. guanxiensis (Bi & Li, 1994). Journal of Orthopthera Research, 14(1), pp. 23–26
Seow-Choen, F. (2016). A Taxonomic Guide to the Stick Insects of Borneo, Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, pp. 392–396, ISBN 978-983-812-169-9
Ho Wai-Chun, G. (2018). Three new species of genus Pylaemenes Stål (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae: Dataminae) from Vietnam, Zoological Systematics, 43(3), pp. 276–282, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201826
Dräger, H. (June 2012). Gespenstschrecken der Familie Heteropterygidae Kirby, 1896 (Phasmatodea) – ein Überblick über bisher gehaltene Arten, Teil 2: Die Unterfamilie Dataminae Rehn & Rehn, 1839, ZAG Phoenix, Nr. 5 Jahrgang 3(1), pp. 22–45, ISSN 2190-3476
Phasmid Study Group Culture List
Information about Pylaemenes guangxiensis 'Taiwan' in fact Pylaemenes shirakii from Bruno Kneubühler at Phasmatodea.com
Ho Wai-Chun, G. (2013). Zootaxa 3669 (3): Contribution to the knowledge of Chinese Phasmatodea II: Review of the Dataminae Rehn & Rehn, 1939 (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae) of China, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, Magnolia Press, pp. 201–222, ISSN 1175-5326
Bresseel, J. & Constant, J. (2020). Microrestes gen. nov., a new genus in the Oriental stick insect tribe Datamini Rehn & Rehn, 1939 with a new species and a new combination (Phasmida: Heteropterygidae: Dataminae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 106: pp. 1–19, Brussel 2020, ISSN 1374-5514
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