Nemeobiinae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Amphiesmenoptera
Ordo: Lepidoptera
Subordo: Glossata
Cladus: Coelolepida
Cladus: Myoglossata
Cladus: Neolepidoptera
Infraordo: Heteroneura
Cladus: Eulepidoptera
Cladus: Ditrysia
Cladus: Apoditrysia
Cladus: Obtectomera
Superfamilia: Papilionoidea

Familia: Riodinidae
Subfamilia: Nemeobiinae
Tribes (2): Nemeobiini, Euselasiini
Included Genera:
Euselasia – Hades – Methone – Abisara – Afriodinia – Archigenes – Corrachia – Dicallaneura – Dodona – Hamearis – Laxita – Paralaxita – Polycaena – Praetaxila – Saribia – Stiboges – Styx – Takashia – Taxila – Zemeros

Name

Nemeobiinae Bates, 1868
Synonyms

Hamearinae Clench, 1955

References

Hanafusa, H., 1989: New species and new subspecies of butterflies from South East Asia. Futao 1: 3–10.
Seraphim, N., Kaminski, L.A., DeVries, P.J., Penz, C.M., Callaghan, C.J., Wahlberg, N., Silva-Brandão, K.L. & Freitas, A.V.L. 2018. Molecular phylogeny and higher systematics of the metalmark butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Systematic Entomology 43(2): 407–425. DOI: 10.1111/syen.12282 Reference page.

Nemeobiinae is a subfamily of Riodinidae, the Metalmark family. The subfamily's members consist entirely of Old World members of the Riodinid family.[1] Recent revisions to the subfamily have began to include members located within the New World as well, however, the subfamily continues to encompass the entirety of the Old World Riodinids.[2]

The subfamily are the only Riodinids that feed exclusively on members of the plant family Primulaceae, being the only Riodinids to do so, with the exception of Emesis diogenia.[3]
Distribution

The Nemeobiinae was erected to encompass the entirety of the 7 percent of Riodinids that reside within the Old World. This has remained true, however, recent studies have placed the New World subfamily of Euselasiinae within the Nemeobiinae, with Corrachia and Styx believed to be apomorphic Nemeobiines.[3] The greater Riodinid family is believed to have evolved in the Neotropics and migrated to the Old World through the Bering land bridge during the Oligocene.[3]

Of the Old World members of the Nemeobiinae, encompassing around 13 genera and 110 species, the majority (60 species) are concentrated in the Indomalayan realm of Southeast Asia.[3] The remainder are found within the Afrotropical realm with 15 species, the Australasian realm with 28 (Praetaxila), and 1 species found in Europe (Hamearis).[3] A single member of the subfamily exists on the continent of Australia, Praetaxila segecia. While most members of the Nemeobiinae are found within the tropics, a handful are found within temperate areas (Hamearis, Polycaena and Takashia).[3]
Genera

The Nemeobiinae have been fraught with revision and uncertainty throughout its entire existence.[3] Seraphim et al. (2018) proposes through genetic analysis that the subfamily is split into two tribes, and the family would encompass members of the New World subfamily Euselasiinae as tribe Euselasiini within the Nemeobiinae, while Corrachia and Styx would be moved to the Nemeobiina.[2] The following list follows from the revised classification by Seraphim et al. (2018).

Tribe: Nemeobiini Bates, 1868

Subtribe: Abisarina

Abisara C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865
Afriodinia D'Abrera, 2009
Archigenes Fruhstorfer, 1914
Dicallaneura Butler, 1867
Laxita Butler, 1879
Paralaxita Eliot, 1978
Praetaxila Fruhstorfer, 1914
Saribia Butler, 1878
Taxila Doubleday, 1847

Subtribe: Nemeobiina

Corrachia Schaus, 1913
Dodona Hewitson, 1861
Hamearis Hübner, 1819
Polycaena Staudinger, 1886
Stiboges Butler, 1876
Styx Staudinger, 1876
Takashia Okano & Okano, 1985
Zemeros Boisduval, 1836

Tribe: Euselasiini

See the Euselasiinae article for further information.

Euselasia Hübner, 1819
Hades Westwood, 1851
Methone E. Doubleday, 1847

References

"Nemeobiinae". tolweb.org. Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
Seraphim, Noemy; Kaminski, Lucas A.; Devries, Philip J.; Penz, Carla; Callaghan, Curtis; Wahlberg, Niklas; Silva-Brandão, Karina L.; Freitas, André V. L. (2018). "Molecular phylogeny and higher systematics of the metalmark butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)". Systematic Entomology. 43 (2): 407–425. doi:10.1111/syen.12282. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
Espeland, Marianne; Hall, Jason P. W.; DeVries, Philip J.; Lees, David C.; Cornwall, Mark; Hsu, Yu-Feng; Wu, Li-Wei; Campbell, Dana L.; Talavera, Gerard; Vila, Roger; Salzman, Shayla; Ruehr, Sophie; Lohman, David J.; Pierce, Naomi E. (1 December 2015). "Ancient Neotropical origin and recent recolonisation: Phylogeny, biogeography and diversification of the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 93: 296–306. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.006. Retrieved 15 October 2021.