Encarsia

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Hymenopterida
Ordo: Hymenoptera
Subordo: Apocrita
Superfamilia: Chalcidoidea

Familia: Aphelinidae
Subfamilia: Coccophaginae
Genus: Encarsia
Species (442):
Directory A·B·C·D·E·F·G·H·I·J·K·L·M·N·O·P·Q·R·S·T·U·V·W·X·Y·Z
A

E. abatei – E. abundantia – E. acaudaleyrodis – E. accenta – E. adela – E. adusta – E. aethiopica – E. aferi – E. affectata – E. africana – E. albata – E. albiscutellum – E. alboscutellaris – E. aldrichi – E. alemansoori – E. aleurochitonis – E. aleurodici – E. aleuroilicis – E. aleuroplati – E. aleurothrixi – E. aleurotubae – E. altacima – E. alvaradoi – E. amabilis – E. ameca – E. americana – E. amicula – E. ancistrocera – E. ancora – E. andrewi – E. antennata – E. antiopa – E. aonidiae – E. arabica – E. armata – E. armillata – E. aseta – E. asfar – E. ashmeadi – E. aspidioticola – E. assamensis – E. asterobemisiae – E. atlantica – E. aurantii – E. aureola – E. aurithorax – E. axacaliae – E. azimi – E. azteca –
B

E. bangalorensis – E. baoshana – E. barracas – E. basicincta – E. bella – E. bellottii – E. bennetti – E. berlesei – E. bicolor – E. bifasciata – E. bimaculata – E. biseta – E. bolangera – E. borkusiensis – E. boswelli – E. bothrocera – E. brachyura – E. brahmsi – E. brasiliensis – E. brevicalcar – E. brevivalvula – E. brevivena – E. brimblecombei – E. brittanica – E. brunnea – E. bunyae –
C

E. caelata – E. caelibaris – E. californica – E. capensis – E. cappa – E. cassida – E. catemaco – E. catherineae – E. caudata – E. cerataphivora – E. chaetogastra – E. chaoi – E. chauliodoa – E. chichenitza – E. cibcensis – E. ciliata – E. circumsculpturata – E. citrella – E. citri – E. citricola – E. citrina – E. citrofila – E. clara – E. clariscutellum – E. clavata – E. clavata – E. clavulata – E. clypealis – E. coimbatorensis – E. colima – E. collecta – E. confusa – E. coquilletti – E. coryli – E. costaricensis – E. craspedia – E. cubensis – E. curtifuniculata – E. cybele –
D

E. dalbulae – E. davidi – E. desantisi – E. despecta – E. dewa – E. dialeurodis – E. dialeuroporae – E. dianensis – E. diaspidicola – E. dichroa – E. dimai – E. dispersa – E. divergens – E. dmitrii – E. dominicana – E. dongbeiana – E. duorunga –
E

E. echinocera – E. ectophaga – E. elcielica – E. elegans – E. elegantula – E. elenae – E. ellisvillensis – E. escama – E. estrellae – E. eugeniae – E. exornata – E. explorata – E. exserta –
F

E. farinaria – E. farmani – E. fasciata – E. fasciola – E. fernandae – E. filicornis – E. flagellata – E. flava – E. flavescens – E. flaviceps – E. flavoscutellum – E. flexa – E. floralis – E. florena – E. formosa – E. fujianensis – E. funiculata – E. fursovi – E. fusca – E. fuzhouensis –
G

E. galilea – E. gallardoi – E. gallicola – E. gaonae – E. gautieri – E. gerlingi – E. gigas – E. gracilens – E. grotei – E. guadeloupae – E. guajavae – E. guamuchil – E. guangxingana – E. guerrierii – E. gunturensis –
H

E. haitiensis – E. hamata – E. hamoni – E. hamulata – E. hansoni – E. hapalia – E. harrisoni – E. hayati – E. heratyi – E. hitam – E. horatii – E. hragila – E. huangi –
I

E. imiza – E. inaron – E. indica – E. indigoferae – E. inida – E. inquirenda – E. inserens – E. insignis – E. insulana – E. intermedia – E. interstrica – E. iris – E. isaaci – E. ishii – E. ixorae –
J

E. japonica – E. jowaiana – E. juanae – E. justicia –
K

E. kalamundae – E. kasparyani – E. kemneri – E. khadijae – E. koebelei –
L

E. lacuma – E. lahorensis – E. lambei – E. lanceolata – E. lasallei – E. latipennis – E. lehri – E. leptosa – E. leucaenae – E. leucaspidis – E. leucippi – E. levadicola – E. levo – E. liliyingae – E. lineolata – E. lipaleyrodis – E. llera – E. llerica – E. longchuana – E. longicauda – E. longicornis – E. longifasciata – E. longisetae – E. longisetosa – E. longispina – E. longitarsis – E. longivalvula – E. lopezi – E. lopezi – E. lougae – E. lounsburyi – E. luoae – E. lutea – E. luteola – E. lycopersici –
M

E. macoensis – E. macroptera – E. macula – E. maculata – E. maculiformis – E. madera – E. magnalata – E. magniclava – E. magnivena – E. mahoniae – E. margaritiventris – E. marginata – E. maria – E. marinikia – E. maritima – E. marxi – E. maura – E. meghalayana – E. melanostoma – E. merceti – E. meritoria – E. mescheryakovi – E. metallicus – E. mexicana – E. mexicella – E. microtricha – E. mineoi – E. minuta – E. moctezumana – E. moffsi – E. mohyuddini – E. mollicellae – E. morela – E. muliyali – E. multiciliata –
N

E. nanjingensis – E. narayanani – E. narroi – E. nayarita – E. neocala – E. neocitricola – E. neoporteri – E. nepalensis – E. nigricephala – E. nigrifemur – E. nigriventris – E. niigatae – E. nipponica – E. nitella – E. noahi – E. noordami – E. norani – E. normarki – E. notha – E. noyesana – E. noyesi – E. nupta –
O

E. oakeyensis – E. oaxaca – E. obliqua – E. obtusiclava – E. occultans – E. olgae – E. olivina – E. opulenta – E. orangae – E. ossira –
P

E. papaceki – E. paracitrella – E. paradiaspidicola – E. parvella – E. paucisetosa – E. pauliani – E. pedana – E. peltata – E. perconfusa – E. perflava – E. pergandiella – E. perniciosi – E. perplexa – E. perpulchella – E. persequens – E. perseus – E. perstrenua – E. peruviana – E. phaea – E. picithorax – E. picta – E. pilosa – E. pinella – E. pineti – E. pithecura – E. pitilla – E. plana – E. planchoniae – E. plaumanni – E. polaszeki – E. polymacula – E. porteri – E. portoricensis – E. praecipua – E. praegrandis – E. primitiva – E. prinslooi – E. prolata – E. protransvena – E. pseudoaonidiae – E. pseudocitrella – E. pseudococci – E. pulliclava – E. punicae – E. pura –
Q

E. quaintancei – E. quercicola –
R

E. ramsesi – E. reeda – E. rentzi – E. reticulata – E. ruizi –
S

E. sankarani – E. santaelenae – E. scapeata – E. schmidti – E. scylla – E. seminigriclava – E. septentrionalis – E. setata – E. shutovae – E. sikkimiana – E. silvestrii – E. silvifilia – E. singhiellae – E. singularis – E. sinica – E. siphonini – E. smithi – E. socratis – E. sophia – E. spinosa – E. stirlingia – E. strenua – E. subelongata – E. subhyalina – E. submetallica – E. sueloderi – E. superba – E. swifti – E. synaptocera –
T

E. tabacivora – E. tachii – E. taciti – E. taiwanensis – E. tamaulipeca – E. tampicana – E. tapachula – E. tarsalis – E. telemachusi – E. tennysoni – E. terebrator – E. terebrella – E. tetraleurodis – E. thoracaphis – E. thoreauini – E. tinctoriae – E. titillata – E. totiaurea – E. toticilia – E. townsendi – E. tremblayi – E. trialeurodis – E. tricolor – E. trilineata – E. tristis – E. trivittata – E. trjapitzini – E. trjapitzini – E. tuxpan – E. tuxtla –
U

E. udaipuriensis – E. uncinata – E. unfasciata – E. unicitrella – E. unisetae – E. ustulata –
V

E. vandrieschei – E. vanharteni – E. variegata – E. verticina – E. verticinella – E. viggianii –
W

E. whittieri – E. woolleyi –
X

E. xilitla –
Y

E. yumka – E. yunnana
Source(s) of checklist:
Checklist based uncritically on UCD, with addition of E. floralis – E. maculiformis
Name

Encarsia Förster, 1878

Type-species: Encarsia tricolor Förster, 1878

Synonyms

Prospalta Howard, 1894
Prospaltella Ashmead, 1904
Encarsiella Hayat, 1983

References

Forster, A. 1878: Kleine monographien parasitischer Hymenopteren. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens, Bonn. 35: 42–82. Reference page.
Abd-Rabou, S.; Ghahari, H. 2007: Two new species of the genus Encarsia Foerster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from Iran. Acta phytopathologica et entomologica hungarica, 42(1): 161–167. DOI: 10.1556/APhyt.42.2007.1.10
Evans, G.A. & Polaszek, A. 1997: Additions to the Encarsia parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) of the Bemisia tabaci-complex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Bulletin of Entomological Research, 87: 563–571. full article (pdf). Reference page.
Evans, G.A. & Polaszek, A. 1998: The Encarsia cubensis species-group (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 100: 222–233. full article (pdf). Reference page.
Geng, H. & Li, C-D. 2016. Five new species of genus Encarsia Förster from China (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Zootaxa 4162(3): 535–549. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.7. Reference page.
Geng, H. & Li, C-D. 2017. The Encarsia flavoscutellum-group key to world species including two new species from China (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae). ZooKeys 662: 127—136. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.662.11809. Reference page.
Geng, H. & Li, C-D. 2017. Three new species of the Encarsia inaron (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) species group from China with a key to Chinese species. Zootaxa 4306(2): 208–222. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.2.6. Reference page.
Heraty, J., Woolley, J.B. & Polaszek, A. 2007, Catalog of the Encarsia of the World. [1]
Hernández-Suárez, E. et al. 2003: Parasitoids of whiteflies (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae, Eulophidae, Platygastridae; Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Azores. Systematics and biodiversity, 1(1): 55–108. DOI: 10.1017/S1477200002001007
Japoshvili, G. & Russell, E. 2012: A new parasitization record of Haliaspis spartinae (Diaspididae) and Encarsia ellisvillensis sp nov (Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae) from the United States. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 105(3): 493–497. DOI: 10.1603/AN11110 Reference page.
Japoshvili, G., Abell, K.J., Normark, B.B. & van Driesche, R.G. 2013: Aphelinid and encyrtid (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) parasitoids of armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) attacking hemlocks (Tsuga spp.) in Japan and the United States, with description of eight new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 106(5): 541–554. Full article (pdf). Reference page.
Ko, C.C., Shih, Y.T., Schmidt, S. & Polaszek, A. 2015. A new species of Encarsia (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae) developing on ficus whitefly Singhiella simplex (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) in China and Taiwan. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 46: 85–90. DOI: 10.3897/JHR.46.5155. Reference page.
Macfarlane, R.P. et al. 2010: [Chapter] NINE Phylum ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA Protura, springtails, Diplura, and insects. Pp. 233-467 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.): New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume 2. Kingdom Animalia. Chaetognatha, Ecdysozoa, ichnofossils. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, New Zealand. ISBN 978-1-87725793-3
Myartseva, S.N. 2007: Species of genus Encarsia Forster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) - parasitoids of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) associated with Psidium guajava L. in Mexico, with key and description of new species. Biosystematica, 1(1): 7-19. ISSN: 0973-7871 (online) ISSN: 0973-9955 (print)
Myartseva, S.N. 2007b: A new species of Encarsia Foerster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), parasitoid of Acutaspis agavis (Townsend & Cockerell) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) from Mexico. Zoosystematica rossica, 16(2): 271–273.
Myartseva, S.N. 2009: Two new species of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), parasitoids of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) from Mexico. Biosystematica, 3(1): 27-31. ISSN: 0973-7871 (online) ISSN: 0973-9955 (print) [abstract only seen]
Myartseva, S.N. 2015: A replacement name for Encarsia antennata Myartseva, 2014 (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Zoosystematica rossica 24(1): 121. Full article (PDF) Reference page.
Myartseva, S.N.; Evans, G.A. 2007: Genus Encarsia Foerster of Mexico (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae): a revision, key and description of new species. Departamento deFomento Editorial, Tamaulipas. [not seen]
Myartseva, S.N.; González-Hernández, A. 2008: [Description of two new species of Encarsia Foerster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and new records of species of this type for Chiapas and Jalisco, Mexico.] Acta zoológica mexicana (n.s.), 24(2): 101–113. ISSN: 0065-1737 PDF
Myartseva, S.N.; Ruíz-Cancino, E.; Coronado-Blanco, J.M. 2007: A review of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Trialeurodes floridensis (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) with description of a new species from Mexico. Florida entomologist, 90(4): 635–642. DOI: 10.1653/0015-4040(2007)90[635:AROPHC]2.0.CO;2
Myartseva, S.N., Ruíz-Cancino, E. & Coronado-Blanco, J.M. 2008: Encarsia aurantii species-group (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), parasitoids of armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Mexico, with key and description of a new species. Zoosystematica rossica 7(1): 67–71. Full article (PDF). Reference page.
Myartseva, S.N.; Vejar-Cota, G.; Cortez-Mondaca, E. 2009: A new species of the genus Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) - parasitoid of Aleurocybotus occiduus Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from Mexico. Russian entomological journal, 18(2): 123–126. ISSN: 0132-8069 [not seen]
Myartseva, S.N.; Evans, G.A.; Coronado-Blanco, J.M. 2014: The Encarsia noyesi species-group (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Aphelinidae) in the Neotropical region, with a key and description of the male of E. andrewi from Mexico. Journal of Hymenoptera research 39: 33–46. DOI: 10.3897/JHR.39.7307 Reference page.
Polaszek, A. 2014: A new species of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) reared from Aleurochiton aceris (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in England. Entomologist's monthly magazine 150(1799-1801): 97–101. Reference page.
Polaszek, A.; Gill, R. 2011: A new species of whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from desert lavender in California. Zootaxa, 2750: 51–59. Preview
Polaszek, A.; Luft Albarracin, E. 2011: Two new Encarsia species (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) reared from eggs of Cicadellidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) in Argentina: an unusual new host association. Journal of natural history, 45: 55–64. DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.520169
Polaszek, A.; Manzari, S. 2008: A new species of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitising Aleuromarginatus tephrosiae (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Iran and Oman. Journal of Hymenoptera research, 17(2): 134–137. ISSN: 1070-9428
Rasekh, B.; Polaszek, A. 2010: New records of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae) parasitising Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) in Iran, with the description of a new species. Journal of Hymenoptera research, 19(2): 223–227. ISSN: 1070-9428
Schauff, M.E.; Evans, G.A.; Heraty, J.M. 1996: A pictorial guide to the species of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitic on whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98(1): 1-35. BHL Reference page.
Schmidt, S.; Polaszek, A. 2007: Encarsia or Encarsiella? - redefining generic limits based on morphological and molecular evidence (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae). Systematic entomology, 32(1): 81–94. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00364.x
Schmidt, S.; Polaszek, A. 2007: The Australian species of Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae), parasitoids of whiteflies (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) and armoured scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Journal of natural history, 41: 2099–2265. DOI: 10.1080/00222930701550766
Shih, Y.-T.; Ko, C.-C.; Polaszek, A. 2008: Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitoids of Bemisia species in Taiwan (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Journal of natural history, 42: 2923–2941. DOI: 10.1080/00222930802372482

Links

Species-ID

Encarsia is a large genus of minute parasitic wasps of the family Aphelinidae. The genus is very diverse with currently about 400 described species and worldwide distribution.[1] The number of existing species is expected to be several times higher because many species are still undescribed.[2] Encarsia is a very complex genus, with specimens showing both inter- and intra-specific variations, making morphological classification difficult.[3]

The adult wasps, tiny insects about 1 or 2 millimeters in size, are primarily parasitoids of sessile stages of Sternorrhyncha, in particular whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) and scale insects (Diaspididae). A few species are known to parasitize aphids, eggs of shield-back bugs (Plataspidae), and eggs of Lepidoptera. Females mostly develop as primary endoparasitoids, and males are commonly hyperparasitoids of the same or other species. This so-called heteronomy, a sexually dimorphic host relationship, occurs in quite a few species.[4][5]

Species of Encarsia are of particular interest because of their economic importance for biological pest control, especially in horticulture and for crops grown under glass. Many seem to be extremely host-specific which is an important trait for an acceptable and effective bio-control agent.
Species used in biological control

Encarsia berlesei on white peach scale (Pseudaulacaspis pentagona)[6]
Encarsia bimaculata on sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)[7]
Encarsia clypealis on citrus blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi)[8]
Encarsia formosa on greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)[9]
Encarsia harrisoni on long mussel scale (Lepidosaphes gloverii)[6]
Encarsia inaron on cabbage whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella)[10] and ash whitefly (Siphoninus phillyreae)[11]
Encarsia lahorensis on citrus whitefly (Dialeurodes citri)[6]
Encarsia lutea on silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci/Bemisia argentifolii) and greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)[12]
Encarsia pergandiella on sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)[13]
Encarsia perniciosi on San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) [6]
Encarsia perplexa (syn. Encarsia opulenta) on citrus blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi)[14]
Encarsia sophia on papaya whitefly (Trialeurodes variabilis) and sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)[15]
Encarsia tricolor on cabbage whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella)[10]

References

Noyes, J. S. 2003. Universal Chalcidoidea database
Heraty, J. M., et al. (2008) Systematics and Biology of Encarsia. Chapter 4, pp. 71-87 In: Gould, J., et al. (Eds), In: Classical Biological Control of Bemisia tabaci in the United States. A review of interagency research and implementation. Progress in Biological Control 4. Springer Science and Business Media B. V. 1-343.
Hayat, Mohammad (1989). "A revision of the species of Encarsia Foerster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from India and adjacent countries" (PDF). Oriental Insects. 23: 1–131. doi:10.1080/00305316.1989.11835501. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2013.
Williams, T. and A. Polaszek. (1996). A re-examination of host relations in the Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 57: 35-45. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01694.x
Hunter, M. S. and J. B. Woolley. (2001). Evolution and behavioral ecology of heteronomous aphelinid parasitoids. Annual Review of Entomology 46, 251-90.
"EPPO". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
Heraty, J. M., et al. (2008). Systematics and Biology of Encarsia. Chapter 4, pp. 71-87 In: Gould, J., et al. (Eds), In: Classical Biological Control of Bemisia tabaci in the United States. A review of interagency research and implementation. Progress in Biological Control 4. Springer Science and Business Media B. V. 1-343.
Singh, S. P. (2004) Some success stories in classical biological control of pests in India. Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions, Publication 2004/2.
Hoddle, M. S., et al. (1998). Biology and use of the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa. Annual Review of Entomology 43, 645-69.
Williams, Trevor (1996). "Invasion and displacement of experimental populations of a conventional parasitoid by a heteronomous hyperparasitoid" (PDF). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 6 (4): 603–618. doi:10.1080/09583159631244. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2013.
Ash Whitefly. Center for Invasive Species Research. University of California, Riverside. 2009.
Schauff, Michael E.; Evans, Gregory A. (1996). "A pictorial guide to the species of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitic on whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in North America" (PDF). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 98: 1–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2004. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
Hoelmer, K. and J. Goolsby. Release, establishment and monitoring of Bemisia tabaci natural enemies in the United States. In: 1st International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Honolulu, Hawaii, January 2002. pp. 58-65.
Nguyen, R., et al. (1983). Population density of the citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), and its parasites in urban Florida in 1979-1981. Environmental Entomology 12, 878-84.
Luo, C. and T. X. Liu. (2011). Fitness of Encarsia sophia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitizing Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Insect Science 18(1), 84-91.