Elymnias hypermnestra

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Amphiesmenoptera
Ordo: Lepidoptera
Subordo: Glossata
Cladus: Coelolepida
Cladus: Myoglossata
Cladus: Neolepidoptera
Infraordo: Heteroneura
Cladus: Eulepidoptera
Cladus: Ditrysia
Cladus: Apoditrysia
Cladus: Obtectomera
Superfamilia: Papilionoidea

Familia: Nymphalidae
Subfamilia: Satyrinae
Tribus: Elymniini
Subtribus: Elymniina
Genus: Elymnias
Species: Elymnias hypermnestra
Subspecies: E. h. agina – E. h. baliensis – E. h. discrepans – E. h. fraterna – E. h. hainana – E. h. hypermnestra – E. h. kangeana – E. h. meridionalis – E. h. nimota – E. h. robinsona – E. h. septentrionalis – E. h. tinctoria – E. h. tonkiniana – E. h. undularis
Name

Elymnias hypermnestra (Linnaeus, 1763)

Type Locality:

Holotype:
Synonymy

Papilio hypermnestra Linnaeus, 1763
Papilio protogenia Cramer, 1777
Papilio lais Cramer, 1777
Elymnias jynx Hübner, 1818

References

Aoki, T. & Uémura, Y. 1982. Descriptions of new species and new subspecies of South-east Asian Diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the Family Satyridae, with some taxonomie notes. Memoirs of the Tsukada Collection 4: 1–64. Reference page.
Monastyrskii, A.L. & Devyatkin, A.L., 2003. New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam 2. Atalanta 34(1-2): 75–109. PDF. Reference page.
Ruttenberg D.M., VanKuren N.W., Nallu S., Yen S-H., Peggie D., Lohman D.J., Kronforst M.R., 2021. The evolution and genetics of sexually dimorphic ‘dual’ mimicry in the butterfly Elymnias hypermnestra. Proceedings of the Royal Society (B) 288: 20202192. Web. Reference page.

Vernacular names
English: Common Palmfly
தமிழ்: பனைச் சிறகன்

Elymnias hypermnestra, the common palmfly, is a species of satyrine butterfly found in South and Southeast Asia.

Description

As in some other species in the genus Elymnias, the common palmfly has a precostal cell in the hindwings and a tuft of androconial scales on the dorsal discal cell of the hindwings. Some populations of this butterfly species are sexually dimorphic: males and females do not look alike. In sexually dimorphic populations, males have black upperside forewings with small blue patches and mimic Euploea species, while the females mimic butterfly species of the genus Danaus.
Race undularis at Kolkata, India
Race undularis at Kolkata, India

Race undularis (Subhimalayas and Southeast Asia) male upperside blackish brown. Forewing with a subterminal series of blue or sometimes slightly green elongate spots, curving strongly inwards and getting more elongate opposite the apex, forming almost an oblique bar up to the costa. Hindwing: the terminal margin broadly bright chestnut, sometimes with a subterminal paler spot in two or more of the interspaces. Underside pale brown, the basal two-thirds of both forewing and hindwing densely, the outer third more sparsely covered with dark ferruginous, somewhat broad, transverse striae. Forewing with a broadly triangular pale purplish-white preapical mark; both forewings and hindwings with a broad subterminal area purplish white. Hindwing with a small white spot opposite middle of the costa and a more or less complete series of more obscure whitish subterminal spots. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen brown; abdomen beneath paler.

Female upperside tawny, veins black. Forewing: the dorsal margin broadly black; the apical area beyond a line curving from the tornus, round apex of the cell and a little beyond it, to the base of the costa also black, the wing crossed preapically by a conspicuous, broad, oblique white bar, and three subterminal white spots. Hindwing: dorsal margin dusky; terminal broadly, costal margin more narrowly, black; a subterminal series of four white spots. Underside tawny, with markings similar to those in the male; the pale whitish markings more extensive; the dorsal margin broadly without striae.[1]

Race fraterna, Butler (Sri Lanka) is an insular representative of E. undularis. The male differs on the upperside in the more or less complete absence of the subterminal and preapical blue markings on the forewing; and in the broad terminal border of the hindwing being of a much brighter, almost ochraceous chestnut. On the underside the pale markings are somewhat restricted. The male very closely resembles, both on the upper and underside, the male of E. undularis.[1]
Range

Peninsular India, sub-Himalayas, and Southeast Asia.
Life history
Food plants

Cocos nucifera (coconut) Calamus pseudo-tenuis, Calamus rotang, Calamus thwaitesii, Phoenix loureiroi and Licuala species.[2]
Egg
Young larva
Older larva
Pupa
Freshly emerged male
Life cycle
Larva

Race caudata "Spindle-shaped, slender, transversely rugose and clothed with short stout bristles...; head large, surmounted by two stout horns, sloping backwards, slightly branched at the ends; a pair of long straight caudal spines setose like the body; colour bright green with longitudinal yellow lines more or less distinct and two rows of large yellow spots tinged with green and sometimes tipped with black on the back; head dark brown, with a yellow cheek-stripe and frontal-line."[1]

Race undularis "Elongate, fusiform, setose; green with longitudinal dorsal and lateral yellow lines, and a subdorsal row of yellow elongated spots, which are centred with red and posteriorly edged with blue; head brownish, armed with two erect brownish setose processes; anal segment also with two red slender hindward-projecting processes."[1]

Larvae are known to be cannibalistic.[3]
Pupa

"Suspended by the tail only, but in a rigidly horizontal position, regular with the exception of two small pointed processes from the head and an acute thoracic projection above them; colour bright green, beautifully ornamented with four irregular rows of large yellow spots bordered with red." (Davidson & Aitken quoted by Bingham.)[1]
Gallery

Female, race undularis at Samsing in Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India

Subspecies fraterna Butler, 1871, larva and pupa Figs. 1, 1a, 1b.

Cited references

Bingham, C.T. (1905). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma Butterflies. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). London: Taylor and Francis, Ltd.
Kunte, K. (2006). Additions to known larval host plants of Indian butterflies. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 103(1):119-120

Boireau, Patrick. (1995). Cannibalisme observé chez des chenilles de Elymnias hypermnestra (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Tropical Lepidoptera 6(2):95-97.

References

Igarashi, S. and H. Fukuda. 1997. The Life Histories of Asian Butterflies vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.
Sharma, N. 2003. Notes on the common palm butterfly, Elymnias hypermnestra undularis (Drury) (Satyrinae) in India. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 57:147-149.