Dryinidae

Dryinidae sp.

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Hymenopterida
Ordo: Hymenoptera
Subordo: Apocrita
Superfamilia: Chrysidoidea

Familia: Dryinidae
Subfamiliae (11 + †5): Anteoninae - Aphelopinae - Apoaphelopinae - Apodryininae - Bocchinae - Conganteoninae - Dryininae - Erwiniinae - Gonatopodinae - Plesiodryininae - Transdryininae - †Burmadryininae - †Laberitinae - †Palaeoanteoninae - †Ponomarenkoinae - †Protodryininae
Overview of genera (57 + 8†)

Acrodontochelys – Adryinus – Agonatopoides – Alphadryinus – Anteon – Anteonopsis – Aphelopus – Apoaphelopus – Apodryinus – Apogonatopus – Bocchoides – Bocchopsis – Bocchus – Chelothelius – Conganteon – Crovettia – Deinodryinus – Donisthorpina – Dryinus – Echthrodelphax – Epigonatopus – Erwinius – Esagonatopus – Fiorianteon – Gonadryinus – Gonatopus – Gondwanadryinus – Gynochelys – Haplogonatopus – Lonchodryinus – Madecadryinus – Megadryinus – Mesodryinus – Metanteon – Mirodryinus – Mystrophorus – Neodryinus – Paraneodryinus – Paradryinus – Peckius – Pentagonatopus – Plectrogonatopoides – Plesiodryinus – Pseudodryinus – Pseudogonatopus – Radiimancus – Richardsdryinus – Tetrodontochelys – Thaumatodryinus – Transdryinus – Transgonatopus – Tridryinus – Vannoortia – †Anteonopsis – †Burmadryina – †Burmanteon – †Harpactosphecion – †Hybristodryinus – †Palaeoanteon – †Ponomarenkoa – †Protodryinus – ...
Name

Dryinidae Haliday, 1837

References
Additional references

Guglielmino, A.; Olmi, M.; Bückle, C. 2013: An updated host-parasite catalogue of world Dryinidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3740(1): 1–113. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3740.1.1 Reference page.
Guglielmino, A., Olmi, M., Marletta, A. & Speranza, S. 2017. Description of the first species of Gonadryinus Olmi (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from the Afrotropical region. Zootaxa 4238(3): 440–444. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4238.3.11. Reference page.
Guglielmino, A., Parise, G. & Bückle, C. 2015. Description of larval instars of Dryinus tarraconensis Marshall, 1868 and Gonatopus baeticus (Ceballos, 1927) (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea: Dryinidae), parasitoids of the genus Dictyophara Germar (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Dictyopharidae). Zootaxa 4032(1): 42–54. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4032.1.2. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
He, J.; Xu, Z. 2002: Hymenoptera: Dryinidae. Fauna Sinica - Insecta, 29 Abstract [not seen]
Olmi, M. 1984: A revision of the Dryinidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, (37)(1)
Olmi, M. 1984: A revision of the Dryinidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, (37)(2)
Olmi, M. 1991: Supplement to the revision of the world Dryinidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Frustula entomologica, 12: 109–395.
Olmi, M. 2007: New species of Afrotropical Dryinidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), with description of a new genus and a new subfamily. African invertebrates, 48(2): 199–232. ISSN: 1681-5556
Olmi, M. 2007: Apodryininae of Madagascar and South Africa (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae). Frustula entomologica (n.s.), 30(43): 1–46. ISSN: 0532-7679
Olmi, M. 2008: Descriptions of new species of Dryinidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) from Thailand. Oriental insects, 42: 227–236.
Olmi, M.; Rasnitsyn, A.P.; Guglielmino, A. 2010: Revision of rock fossils of Dryinidae and Embolemidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa, 2499: 21–38. Preview
Olmi, M., van Noort, S. & Guglielmino, A. 2016. Contribution to the knowledge of Afrotropical Dryinidae, Embolemidae and Sclerogibbidae (Hymenoptera), with description of new species from Central African Republic and Uganda. ZooKeys 578: 45–95. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.578.7820 Reference page.
Olmi, M. & Xu, Z-F. 2015. Dryinidae of the Eastern Palaearctic region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3996(1): 1–253. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3996.1.1. Preview (PDF) ISBN 978-1-77557-759-1 (paperback); ISBN 978-1-77557-760-7 (Online edition). Reference page.
Olmi, M.; Virla, E.G. 2014: Dryinidae of the Neotropical region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3792(1): 1–534. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3792.1.1 Reference page.
Perkovsky, E.E. & Olmi, M. 2018. Discovery of the first pincer wasp (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from Rovno amber. Zootaxa 4457(2): 296–304. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4457.2.5 Paywall Reference page.
Tribull, C.M. 2015. Phylogenetic relationships among the subfamilies of Dryinidae (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea) as reconstructed by molecular sequencing. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 45: 15–29. DOI: 10.3897/JHR.45.5010. Reference page.
Xu, Z.; Olmi, M.; Guglielmino, A.; Chen, H. 2012: Checklist of Dryinidae (Hymenoptera) from Guangdong Province, China, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa, 3231: 1–28. Preview
Xu, Z., Olmi, M. & He, J. 2013. Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3614(1): 1–460. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3614.1.1. ISBN 978-1-77557-104-9 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-77557-105-6 (Online edition). Reference page.

Dryinidae is a cosmopolitan family of solitary wasps. Its name comes from the Greek drys for oak: Latreille named the type genus Dryinus because the first species was collected in an oak plant in Spain. The larvae are parasitoids of the nymphs and adults of Auchenorrhyncha.[1] Dryinidae comprises approximately 1900 described species, distributed in 17 subfamilies and 53 genera.[2][3][4]

Description

The adult wasp can measure from 0.9 to 5.0 mm in length and in some cases can reach 13 mm.[5] The body of the adult wasp has a 'waist' where it is constricted in the middle. The rear legs have spurs which may be used for grooming. The antennae have 10 segments. Many species have a marked sexual dimorphism, where males are totally different from the females in the size and shape of the body.[2][6] Males have wings while females are often wingless and resemble worker ants. The ovipositor is retractable and not visible when retracted.
Life history

The female dryinid injects an egg into the host insect with her ovipositor. Females may also have front legs modified with a pinching apparatus which they use to restrain the hosts for their larvae during oviposition. The larvae are legless or have only vestigial legs. The larva feeds on the internal structures of the host, and as it grows larger it begins to protrude from the body. It develops a hardened sac (called a "thylacium") around its body for protection. The host is eventually killed and the larva leaves the dead body and spins a cocoon.[7]