Cerambycidae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Coleopterida
Ordo: Coleoptera
Subordo: Polyphaga
Infraordo: Cucujiformia
Cladus: Phytophaga
Superfamilia: Chrysomeloidea

Familia: Cerambycidae
Subfamiliae (8): Cerambycinae – Dorcasominae – Lamiinae – Lepturinae – Necydalinae – Parandrinae – Prioninae – Spondylidinae

[list of subfamiliae after Svacha & Lawrence, 2014]
Genera incertae sedis

Afghanicenus – Agapete – Agnitosternum – Amblymoropsis – Annamanum – Apharsatus – Arcucornus – Atenizoides – Axiothea – Berndgerdia – Berningerus – Bixorestes – Brachynarthron – Brototyche – Bulbolmotega – Bulborhodopis – Callapoecoides – †Callidiopsites – Camira – Capitocrassus – Carinoclodia – Cephalenicodes – Cephalizus – Ceresiella – Cesonium – Chionosticta – Chromacilla – Clytobius – Clytomelegena – Collyrodes – Colobizus – Contoderus – Coresthetida – Coscinesthes – Cotynessa – Cristenes – Cristhybolasius – Cristophyllarthrius – Cyrtocris – Cyrtogrammus – Decellia – Declivocondyloides – Delocheilus – Dendrides – Deremius – Diaspila – Dicra – Didymocentrotus – Dinocephaloides – Diosyris – Diplothorax – Diptychoeme – Discoceps – Discolops – Djabiria – Dohertyorsidis – Dorjia – Dryana – Dundaia – Dymorphocosmisoma – Ectatina – Eczemothea – Eduardiella – Emeileptura – Emeopedopsis – Enotes – Enotogenes – Enotoschema – Entetraommatus – Epiblapsilon – Epitophysis – Epopea – Eremophanoides – Eucomatocera – Eudryoctenes – Eupalelius – Euryxaenapta – Eximia – Falsadjinga – Falsallophyton – Falsimalmus – Falsonyctopais – Falsoxeanodera – Galileoana – Goatacara – Granulenotes – Grynex – Gyarancita – Hadromastix – Halmenida – Haplorhabdus – Hestimoides – Heterometopia – Heterosaphanus – Heterozoum – Hexamitodera – Hippocephala – Hologaster – Holosphaga – Hoplomeces – Hybolasiopsis – Hypsideres – Hystatoderes – Hysterarthron – Idiocalla – Inermaegocidnus – Ipomoria – Ippitoides – Ischnauchen – Isosaphanodes – Isosaphanus – Jendekia – Laosepilysta – Laoterinaea – Lasiophrys – Leptaschema – Leptonota – Lepturasta – Lepturomyia – Lepturonota – Lepturoschema – Lesbra – Macrochia – Macrospina – Marauna – Marocaulus – Marupiara – Mesotroea – Metopoplectus – Metopotylus – Micrometopus – Microsomatidia – Mimeremon – Mimillaena – Mimipochira – Mimischnia – Mimogrynex – Mimolasiocercis – Mimomacrochia – Mimomyromeus – Mimotambusa – Mimotroea – Mimotrysimia – Mombasius – Monstropalpus – Mourgliana – Mystacophorus – Mythodes – Namibomeces – Neacanista – Nemaschema – Neocallia – Neocorestheta – Neorygocera – Nesomomus – Niphotragulus – Noeconia – Notocorrhenes – Notorhabdium – Odontorhabdus – Odzala – Oedenoderus – Oemodana – Ohbayashina – Oihus – Olmotega – Otaromia – Otenis – Otroea – Otroeopsis – Oxycauloeme – Pacholatkoa – Pachyticon – Paktoxotus – Paracanista – Parachydaeopsis – Paracomeron – Paradisterna – Paralophia – Paramombasius – Paramoron – Paramussardiana – Paraphanis – Parapomempsoides – Parastathmodera – Parectatina – Phelocalocera – Phelocalocerella – Phemonoides – Phemonopsis – Phitryonus – Phyllarthrius – Phyllotodes – Phyxium – Podabrocephalus – Prionoblemma – Prionocornis – †Protospondylis – Psalidosphryon – Pseudancita – Pseudangulatus – Pseudeuseboides – Pseudipochira – Pseudischnolea – Pseudobixatoides – Pseudocentruropsis – Pseudodidymocentrotus – Pseudodisterna – Pseudolmotega – Pseudomyromeus – Pseudomythodes – Pseudospermus – Pseudothyestes – Pteridoteloides – Pterolophiella – Pteroptychus – Pufujia – Pulchrenicodes – †Qitianniu – Retilla – Rhadiomaeus – Rhopalizarius – Rhopalizida – †Saxosa – Scabroschema – Scapastathes – Scapodasys – †Scaptolenopsis – Schoutedenius – Setodocus – Similocorus – Sinoclytus – †Sinopraecipuus – Solaia – Somatidiopsis – Somatolita – Sormea – Sormidomorpha – Sotades – Soupha – Spathuliger – Spinhoplathemistus – Spinocentruropsis – Spinogramma – Spinoleioposopus – Spinosomatidia – Stenocidnus – Stenocoptoides – Stenocoptus – Sternacanista – Stolidodere – Striomiaena – Stychoides – Sydonia – Taiwanajinga – Tallyrama – Tambusoides – Temnoscelis – Temnosceloides – Tetropiopsis – Thapsyrus – Thereselia – Thrangalia – Tillomimus – Tinkhamia – Toxotomimus – Transipochira – Trichellipsis – Trichipochira – Trichocnaeia – Trichocontoderes – Trichocontoderopsis – Trichohathliodes – Trichopsathyrus – Trichotroea – †Trosites – Tsujius – Tuberculipochira – Tuberenes – Tuberothelais – Turnaia – Varieras – Villiersocerus – Xanthospila – Zulphis – – Amblymoropsis – Annamanum – Apharsatus – Arcucornus – Atenizoides – Axiothea – Berndgerdia – Berningerus – Bixorestes – Brachynarthron – Brototyche – Bulbolmotega – Bulborhodopis – Callapoecoides – †Callidiopsites – Camira – Capitocrassus – Carinoclodia – Cephalenicodes – Cephalizus – Ceresiella – Cesonium – Chionosticta – Chromacilla – Clytobius – Clytomelegena – Collyrodes – Colobizus – Contoderus – Coresthetida – Coscinesthes – Cotynessa – Cristenes – Cristhybolasius – Cristophyllarthrius – Cyrtocris – Cyrtogrammus – Decellia – Declivocondyloides – Delocheilus – Dendrides – Deremius – Diaspila – Dicra – Didymocentrotus – Dinocephaloides – Diosyris – Diplothorax – Diptychoeme – Discoceps – Discolops – Djabiria – Dohertyorsidis – Dorjia – Dryana – Dundaia – Dymorphocosmisoma – Ectatina – Eczemothea – Eduardiella – Emeileptura – Emeopedopsis – Enotes – Enotogenes – Enotoschema – Entetraommatus – Epiblapsilon – Epitophysis – Epopea – Eremophanoides – Eucomatocera – Eudryoctenes – Eupalelius – Euryxaenapta – Eximia – Falsadjinga – Falsallophyton – Falsimalmus – Falsonyctopais – Falsoxeanodera – Galileoana – Goatacara – Granulenotes – Grynex – Gyarancita – Hadromastix – Halmenida – Haplorhabdus – Hestimoides – Heterometopia – Heterosaphanus – Heterozoum – Hexamitodera – Hippocephala – Hologaster – Holosphaga – Hoplomeces – Hybolasiopsis – Hypsideres – Hystatoderes – Hysterarthron – Idiocalla – Inermaegocidnus – Ipomoria – Ippitoides – Ischnauchen – Isosaphanodes – Isosaphanus – Jendekia – Laosepilysta – Laoterinaea – Lasiophrys – Leptaschema – Leptonota – Lepturasta – Lepturomyia – Lepturonota – Lepturoschema – Lesbra – Macrochia – Macrospina – Marauna – Marocaulus – Marupiara – Mesotroea – Metopoplectus – Metopotylus – Micrometopus – Microsomatidia – Mimeremon – Mimillaena – Mimipochira – Mimischnia – Mimogrynex – Mimolasiocercis – Mimomacrochia – Mimomyromeus – Mimotambusa – Mimotroea – Mimotrysimia – Mombasius – Monstropalpus – Mourgliana – Mystacophorus – Mythodes – Namibomeces – Neacanista – Nemaschema – Neocallia – Neocorestheta – Neorygocera – Nesomomus – Niphotragulus – Noeconia – Notocorrhenes – Notorhabdium – Odontorhabdus – Odzala – Oedenoderus – Oemodana – Ohbayashina – Oihus – Olmotega – Otaromia – Otenis – Otroea – Otroeopsis – Oxycauloeme – Pacholatkoa – Pachyticon – Paktoxotus – Paracanista – Parachydaeopsis – Paracomeron – Paradisterna – Paralophia – Paramombasius – Paramoron – Paramussardiana – Paraphanis – Parapomempsoides – Parastathmodera – Parectatina – Phelocalocera – Phelocalocerella – Phemonoides – Phemonopsis – Phitryonus – Phyllarthrius – Phyllotodes – Phyxium – Podabrocephalus – Prionoblemma – Prionocornis – †Protospondylis – Psalidosphryon – Pseudancita – Pseudangulatus – Pseudeuseboides – Pseudipochira – Pseudischnolea – Pseudobixatoides – Pseudocentruropsis – Pseudodidymocentrotus – Pseudodisterna – Pseudolmotega – Pseudomyromeus – Pseudomythodes – Pseudospermus – Pseudothyestes – Pteridoteloides – Pterolophiella – Pteroptychus – Pufujia – Pulchrenicodes – †Qitianniu – Retilla – Rhadiomaeus – Rhopalizarius – Rhopalizida – †Saxosa – Scabroschema – Scapastathes – Scapodasys – †Scaptolenopsis – Schoutedenius – Setodocus – Similocorus – Sinoclytus – †Sinopraecipuus – Solaia – Somatidiopsis – Somatolita – Sormea – Sormidomorpha – Sotades – Soupha – Spathuliger – Spinhoplathemistus – Spinocentruropsis – Spinogramma – Spinoleioposopus – Spinosomatidia – Stenocidnus – Stenocoptoides – Stenocoptus – Sternacanista – Stolidodere – Striomiaena – Stychoides – Sydonia – Taiwanajinga – Tallyrama – Tambusoides – Temnoscelis – Temnosceloides – Tetropiopsis – Thapsyrus – Thereselia – Thrangalia – Tillomimus – Tinkhamia – Toxotomimus – Transipochira – Trichellipsis – Trichipochira – Trichocnaeia – Trichocontoderes – Trichocontoderopsis – Trichohathliodes – Trichopsathyrus – Trichotroea – †Trosites – Tsujius – Tuberculipochira – Tuberenes – Tuberothelais – Turnaia – Varieras – Villiersocerus – Xanthospila – Zulphis –
Name

Cerambycidae Latreille, 1802: 211 [as Cerambicini]
References
Primary references

Latreille, P.A. 1802. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes. Ouvrage faisant suite à l’histoire naturelle générale et particulière, composée par Leclerc de Buffon, et rédigée par C.S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes. Familles naturelles des genres. Tome troisième. F. Dufart, Paris, xii + pp. 13–467 + [1 (errata)]. BHL Reference page. [see page 211]

Additional references

Bezark, L.G.; Tyson, W.; Schiff, N.M. 2013: New species of Cerambycidae from Panama, with new distribution records (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Zootaxa 3608(4): 273–277. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3608.4.5 Reference page.
Barros, R.C. de, Fonseca, M.G. a & Julio, C.E. de A. 2018. Species of Prioninae, Parandrinae, Lepturinae (Insecta, Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) and Disteniidae (Insecta, Coleoptera) from east Paraná State (Brazil), with three new geographic distribution records. Zootaxa 4374(1): 99–106. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4374.1.6 Reference page.
Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A.E., Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A., Lawrence, J.F., Lyal, C.H.C., Newton, A.F., Reid, C.A.M., Schmitt, M., Ślipiński, S.A. & Smith, A.B.T. 2011. Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta). ZooKeys 88: 1–972. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.88.807 Open access. PMC: 3088472 Open access. Reference page.
Bousquet, Y., Heffern, D.J., Bouchard, P. & Nearns, E.H. 2009. Catalogue of family-group names in Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). Zootaxa 2321: 1–80. Abstract & excerpt PDF Reference page.
Danilevsky, M. L., Cerambycoidea lists (MS Word format)
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Yang, S-L. & Yang, S-Y. 2019. Annamanum flavimaculatum, a new species of longhorn beetle (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) from China. ZooKeys, 889: 49–56. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.889.38296 Open access Reference page.

Links

Cerambycidae in SYNOPSIS OF THE DESCRIBED COLEOPTERA OF THE WORLD
Disteniidae in SYNOPSIS OF THE DESCRIBED COLEOPTERA OF THE WORLD
Tree of Life Web Project. 2005. Cerambycidae. Longhorn beetles. Version 03 November 2005 (temporary) in The Tree of Life Web Project
Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Atlas of longicorn beetles (Cerambycidae) of Russia and adjacent countries - joint project
www.cerambycidae.net M. L. Danilevsky is responsible for all texts. M. A. Lazarev is responsible for the arrangement of the site.
EoL

Vernacular names
беларуская: Вусачы
български: Сечковци
čeština: Tesaříkovití
Deutsch: Bockkäfer
English: Longhorn beetle
suomi: Sarvijäärät
français: Longicornes
עברית: יקרוניתיים
magyar: Cincérfélék
日本語: カミキリムシ科
한국어: 하늘소과
lietuvių: Ūsuočiai
македонски: Стрижибуби
Nederlands: Boktorren
polski: Kózkowate
português: Cerambicídeos / Longicórnios
русский: Усачи / Дровосеки
slovenčina: Fuzáčovité
српски / srpski: Стрижибубе
svenska: Långhorningar
Türkçe: Teke Böcekleri
українська: Вусачі
中文: 天牛科

The longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae), also known as long-horned or longicorns, are a large family of beetles, with over 35,000 species described.[2] Most species are characterized by extremely long antennae, which are often as long as or longer than the beetle's body. In various members of the family, however, the antennae are quite short (e.g., Neandra brunnea) and such species can be difficult to distinguish from related beetle families such as the Chrysomelidae. The scientific name of this beetle family goes back to a figure from Greek mythology: after an argument with nymphs, the shepherd Cerambus was transformed into a large beetle with horns.

Description

Other than the typical long antennal length, the most consistently distinctive feature of the family is that the antennal sockets are located on low tubercles on the face; other beetles with long antennae lack these tubercles, and cerambycids with short antennae still possess them. They otherwise vary greatly in size, shape, sculpture, and coloration. A number of species mimic ants, bees, and wasps, though a majority of species are cryptically colored. The titan beetle (Titanus giganteus) from northeastern South America is often considered the largest insect (though not the heaviest, and not the longest including legs), with a maximum known body length of just over 16.7 cm (6.6 in).[3]
Biology
Light brown longhorn beetle with off white spots
Eburia quadrigeminata, the Ivory Marked Borer

All known longhorn beetle larvae feed on plant tissue such as stems, trunks, or roots of both herbaceous and woody plants, often in injured or weak trees.[4] A few species are serious pests. The larvae, called roundheaded borers, bore into wood, where they can cause extensive damage to either living trees or untreated lumber (or, occasionally, to wood in buildings; the old-house borer, Hylotrupes bajulus, is a particular problem indoors).

It is known that many longhorns locate and recognize potential hosts by detecting chemical attractants, including monoterpenes (compounds released en masse by woody plants when stressed), ethanol (another compound emitted by damaged plant material), and even bark beetle pheromones. Many scolytinids share the cerambycid's niche of weakened or recently deceased trees; thus, by locating scolytinids, a suitable host can likely be located as well. The arrival of cerambycid larvae is often detrimental to a population of scolytinids, as the cerambycid larvae will typically either outcompete them with their greater size and mobility, or act as direct predators of them (this latter practice is less common, but has been observed in several species, notably Monochamus carolinensis). Cerambycids, in turn, have been found to play a role in attracting other wood-borers to a host.[5] Borgemeister, et al 1998, recorded that cerambycid activity in girdled twigs released volatiles attractive to some bostrichids, especially Prostephanus truncatus.[6] A few cerambycids, such as Arhopalus sp., are adapted to take advantage of trees recently killed or injured by forest fires by detecting and pursuing smoke volatiles.
Predators
Parasitoids

In North America native Cerambycids are widely the victims of Ontsira mellipes. O. mellipes may be useful in controlling a forestry pest in this same family, Anoplophora glabripennis, that is invasive in North America. (Ontsira is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the Doryctinae.)[7]
Classification
Decora longicorn (Amphirhoe decora)

As with many large families, different authorities have tended to recognize many different subfamilies, or sometimes split subfamilies off as separate families entirely (e.g., Disteniidae, Oxypeltidae, and Vesperidae);[8] there is thus some instability and controversy regarding the constituency of the Cerambycidae.[9] There are few truly defining features for the group as a whole, at least as adults, as there are occasional species or species groups which may lack any given feature; the family and its closest relatives, therefore, constitute a taxonomically difficult group, and relationships of the various lineages are still poorly understood.[10] The oldest member of the family is Cerambycinus, from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone of Germany, with other Mesozoic fossils including Cretoprionus and Sinopraecipuus from the Aptian aged Yixian Formation of China, and Qitianniu from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) aged Burmese amber, belonging to the subfamily Subfamily Prioninae, Tribe Meroscelisini.
Gerania bosci
Anoplophora chinensis
Subfamilies

The eight subfamilies are:[11][12]

Cerambycinae Latreille, 1802
Dorcasominae Lacordaire, 1869 (including former Apatophyseinae Lacordaire, 1869)
Lamiinae Latreille, 1825
Lepturinae Latreille, 1802
Necydalinae Latreille, 1825
Parandrinae Blanchard, 1845
Prioninae Latreille, 1802
Spondylidinae Audinet-Serville, 1832 (including former Aseminae Thomson, 1860)

Notable genera and species
Common tuft bearing longhorn beetle (Aristobia approximator)

Acrocinus longimanus – harlequin beetle, a large species where the male has very long front legs
Anoplophora chinensis – citrus long-horned beetle, a major pest
Anoplophora glabripennis – Asian long-horned beetle, an invasive pest species
Aridaeus thoracicus – tiger longicorn (Australia)
Cacosceles newmannii - Southern African longhorn beetle that is a surgacane pest
Desmocerus californicus dimorphus – valley elderberry longhorn beetle, a threatened subspecies from California
Moneilema – cactus longhorn beetles, which are flightless
Onychocerus albitarsis – the only known beetle with a venomous sting
Petrognatha gigas – giant African longhorn beetle
Prionoplus reticularis – huhu beetle, the heaviest beetle in New Zealand
Rosalia alpina – Rosalia longhorn beetle, a threatened European species
Tetraopes tetrophthalmus – red milkweed beetle, a toxic species with aposematic colors
Tetropium fuscum – brown spruce longhorn beetle, an invasive pest species
Titanus giganteus – titan beetle, one of the largest beetles in the world