Anthribidae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Coleopterida
Ordo: Coleoptera
Subordo: Polyphaga
Superfamilia: Curculionoidea

Familia: Anthribidae
Subfamiliae (3 + 1†): Anthribinae – Apolectinae – Choraginae – Urodontinae – †Protoscelidinae

Overview of genera (329)

Acanthopygus – Acanthothorax – Acarodes – Acaromimus – Achoragus – Acorynus – Adoxastia – Aethessa – Afrocedus – Allandrus – Alloderes – Alloplius – Alloschema – Alticopus – Altipectus – Ambonoderes – Amecus – Anacerastes – Analotes – Anaulodes – Ancylotropis – Androceras – Anhelita – Anthrenosoma – Anthribidus – Anthribulus – Anthribus – Anthrimecus – Antioxenus – Apatenia – Apinotropis – Apolecta – Apolectella – Arachnocaulus – Araecerus – Araeocerodes – Araeocerus – Araeocorynus – Araeoderes – Arecopais – Asemorhinus – Astianus – Atinellia – Atophoderes – Atoporhis – Aulodina – Autotropis – Balanodes – Barra – Barridia – Baseocolpus – Basidissus – Basitropis – Batyrhinius – Blaberops – Blaberus – Blabirhinus – Botriessa – Brachetrus – Brachylaenus – Brachytarsoides – Brachytarsus – Branconymus – Brevibarra – Bruchela – Bythoprotus – Caccorhinus – Cacephatus – Callanthribus – Caranistes – Catephina – Cedus – Cenchromorphus – Cerambyrhynchus – Cercomorphus – Chirotenon – Choragus – Cisanthribus – Cleorisintor – Cleranthribus – Commista – Contexta – Cornipila – Corrhecerus – Corynaecia – Cratoparis – Cybosoma – Cylindroides – Dasycorynus – Dasyrhopala – Decataphanes – Dendropemon – Dendrotrogus – Derisemias – Derographium – Deropygus – Deuterocrates – Diastatotropis – Dinema – Dinephrius – Dinocentrus – Dinomelaena – Dinosaphis – Directarius – Discotenes – Disphaerona – Dissoleucas – Doeothena – Dolichocera – Domoptolis – Doticus – Dysnocryptus – Dysnos – Ecelonerus – Echotropis – Ecprepia – Ectatotarsus – Eczesaris – Enedreutes – Enedreytes – Ennadius – Enspondus – Entaphioides – Entromus – Eothaumas – Epargemus – Epicerastes – Epidysnos – Epitaphius – Erotylopsis – Esocus – Ethneca – Etnalis – Euciodes – Eucloeus – Eucorynus – Eucyclotropis – Eugigas – Eugonissus – Eugonodes – Eugonops – Eugonus – Eupanteos – Euparius – Euphloeobius – Eurymycter – Eusintor – Eusphyrus – Euxenus – Euxuthus – Exechesops – Exechontis – Exillis – Exurodon – Genethila – Gibber – Gnoticarina – Gomphides – Goniocloeus – Gonotropis – Griburiosoma – Gulamentus – Gymnognathus – Gynandrocerus – Habrissus – Hadromerina – Heniocera – Hiera – Holophloeus – Holostilpna – Homalorhamphus – Homocloeus – Homoeodera – Hormiscops – Hucus – Hybosternus – Hylopemon – Hypselotropis – Hypseus – Icospermus – Idiopus – Illis – Ischnocerus – Jordanthribus – Lagopezus – Lemuricedus – Limiophaula – Litocerus – Litotropis – Macrocephalus – Mallorrhynchus – Mauia – Mecocerina – Mecocerus – Meconemus – Mecotarsus – Mecotropis – Meganthribus – Megatermis – Melanopsacus – Mentanus – Merarius – Meriolus – Mesidiotropis – Messalius – Misthosima – Misthosimella – Monocloeus – Monosirhapis – Morphocera – Mucronianus – Mycteis – Mylascopus – Nausicus – Neanthribus – Nemotrichus – Nerthomma – Neseonos – Nesidobius – Nessiabrissus – Nessiara – Nessiaropsis – Nessiodocus – Nistacares – Notiana – Notioxenus – Notoecia – Noxius – Opisolia – Ormiscus – Orthotropis – Oxyconus – Oxyderes – Ozotomerus – Palazia – Panastius – Pantorhaenas – Parablops – Paramesus – Paranthribus – Paraphloeobius – Parexillis – Paropus – Penestica – Peribathys – Phaenithon – Phaenotherion – Phaenotheriopsis – Phaenotherium – Phaeochrotes – Phaulimia – Phides – Phloeobiopsis – Phloeobius – Phloeomimus – Phloeopemon – Phloeophilus – Phloeops – Phloeotragus – Phoenicobiella – Phrynoidius – Physopterus – Piezobarra – Piezocorynus – Piezonemus – Pioenia – Platyrhinus – Platystomos – Plesiobasis – Plintheria – Polycorynus – Proscopus – Protaedus – Protomerus – Prototropis – Pseudeuparius – Pseudocedus – Pseudochoragus – Ptychoderes – Rawasia – Rhaphitropis – Rhinobrachys – Rhinotropis – Scirtetinus – Scymnopis – Sintor – Sintorops – Sphinctotropis – Stenocerus – Stenorhis – Stiboderes – Strabops – Straboscopus – Strabus – Streneoderma – Sympaector – Syntophoderes – Systaltocerus – Talpella – Taphrodes – Tapinidius – Telala – Telphes – Tetragonopterus – Tophoderes – Toxonotus – Trachycyphus – Trachytropis – Tribotropis – Tropideres – Tropiderinus – Tropidobasis – Ulorhinus – Uncifer – Urodon – Uterosomus – Vitalis – Xenanthribus – Xenocerus – Xenognathus – Xenopternis – Xenorchestes – Xenotropis – Xylinada – Xylinades – Xylopoemon – Xynotropis – Zopyrinus – Zygaenodes

[Source: Catalogue of Life: 2013 Annual Checklist]

Check (1): Adapterops

Add (1 + 1†): Pseudobasidissus – †Protoscelis
Name

Anthribidae Billberg, 1820 [placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology by ICZN (1994: 72), with the endorsement that it and other family-group names based on Anthribus Geoffroy, 1762 are to be given precedence over those based on Choragus Kirby, 1819] [source: ICZN (1994: 72)]
Type genus: Anthribus Geoffroy, 1762 [source: ICZN (1994: 72)] [stem = Anthrib-]

Synonyms

Choragidae Kirby, 1819 [placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology by ICZN (1994: 72), with the endorsement that it and other family-group names based on Choragus Kirby, 1819 are not to be given priority over those based on Anthribus Geoffroy, 1762] [source: ICZN (1994: 72)] [subfamily]
Type genus: Choragus Kirby, 1819 [source: ICZN (1994: 72)] [stem = Chorag-]

Russia, CC BY-SA 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fungus_Weevil_Ischnocerus_impressicollis_(Anthribidae)_(14364594420).jpg">

Ischnocerus impressicollis

References
cited sources

ICZN 1994: OPINION 1756. ANTHRIBIDAE Billberg, 1820 (Insecta, Coleoptera): given precedence over CHORAGIDAE Kirby, 1819. Bulletin of zoological nomenclature, 51: 72–73. ISSN: 0007-5167 Internet Archive BHL BioStor

Additional references

Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A. & Lyal, C.H.C. 1999. A world catalogue of families and genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) (excepting Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Entomopraxis, Barcelona. PDF. Reference page.
Billberg, G.J. 1820: Enumeratio Insectorum in Musaeo Gust. Joh. Billberg. Typis Gadelianis. Stockholm: [2 unn.] + 138 pp..
Colonnelli, E.; Osella, G. 2009: New data on some Curculionoidea (Coleoptera: Anthribidae, Apionidae, Curculionidae) from Sardinia. pp. 421–426 in: Cerretti, P.; Mason, F.; Minelli, A.; Nardi, G.; Whitmore, D. (eds), Research on the terrestrial arthropods of Sardinia (Italy). Zootaxa, 2318: 1–602. Abstract & excerpt PDF
Holloway, B.A. 1982. Anthribidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Fauna of New Zealand, 3. 272 pp. ISBN 0-477-06703-4. Online. Reference page.
Kirby, W. 1819: A century of insects, including several new genera described from his cabinet. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 12: 375–453, plates XXI-XXII. Internet Archive BHL
Kuschel, G. 2008: Curculionoidea (weevils) of New Caledonia and Vanuatu: ancestral families and some Curculionidae. In: Grandcolas, P. (ed.), Zoologia Neocaledonica 6. Biodiversity studies in New Caledonia. Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 197: 99–250. ISBN 9782856536056 ISSN: 1243-4442
Legalov, A.A. 2011: First record of Anthribid beetles from the Jurassic of Kazakhstan (Coleoptera: Anthribidae). Paleontological Journal, 45(6): 629–633. DOI: 10.1134/S0031030111060074
Legalov, A.A. 2013. Review of the family Anthribidae (Coleoptera) from the Jurassic of Karatau: subfamily Protoscelinae. Genus: Protoscelis Medvedev. Paleontological Journal 47(3): 292–302. DOI: 10.1134/S0031030113030064 Paywall.
I.Löbl & A.Smetana (eds). 2011 Catalogue of Palearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 7: Curculionoidea I. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark. p. 90
ISBN 978-87-88757-84-2
Rheinheimer, J. 2004: Illustrierter Katalog und Bibliographie der Anthribidae der Welt (Insecta: Coleoptera). Mitteilungen des Entomologischen Vereins Stuttgart, 39(1–2): 1–243.
Valentine, B.D. 1989: The Anthribidae of the Seychelles and Mascarene Islands: taxonomy, keys, and a bibliographic catalogue (Coleoptera). Insecta Mundi, 3: 233–246. PDF
Valentine, B.D. 1998: A review of Nearctic and some related Anthribidae (Coleoptera). Insecta Mundi, 12: 251–296. PDF PDF
Valentine, B.D. 2003: A catalogue of West Indies Anthribidae (Coleoptera). Insecta Mundi, 17: 49–67. PDF

Links

Australian Faunal Directory (stub)
Anthribidae in SYNOPSIS OF THE DESCRIBED COLEOPTERA OF THE WORLD
Atlas of the fungus weevils (Anthribidae) of Russia

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Breitrüssler
English: Fungus weevils
日本語: ヒゲナガゾウムシ科
русский: Ложнослоники
中文: 捲葉象鼻蟲科

Anthribidae is a family of beetles also known as fungus weevils. The antennae are not elbowed, may occasionally be longer than the body and thread-like, and can be the longest of any members of Curculionoidea. As in the Nemonychidae, the labrum appears as a separate segment to the clypeus, and the maxillary palps are long and projecting.

Most anthribids feed upon fungi or decaying plant matter, and the larvae feed within dead wood. Some species of Choraginae feed upon seeds, a few are stored product pests, and, unusually, Anthribus feeds upon soft scale insects.[2][3][4][5]
This is a list of 450 genera in the family Anthribidae, fungus weevils.[1][2][3][4]
Anthribidae genera

Acanthopygus c g
Acanthothorax c g
Acarodes c g
Acaromimus Jordan, 1907 i c g b
Achoragus c g
Acorynus c g
Adapterops Frieser, 2010 g
Adoxastia c g
Aethessa c g
Afrocedus c g
Afrophaenotherium c g
Allandrus LeConte, 1876 i c g b
Allochoragus c g
Allochromicis c g
Alloderes c g
Alloplius c g
Alloschema
Alticopus c g
Altipectus c g
Ambonoderes
Amecus
Anacerastes c g
Analotes c g
Anaulodes c g
Ancylotropis c g
Androceras c g
Androporus Holloway, 1982 g
Aneurhinus c g
Aneurrhinus c g
Anhelita c g
Anthiera c g
Anthrenosoma c g
Anthribidus c g
Anthribisomus c g
Anthribites c g
Anthribulus c g
Anthribus Geoffroy, 1762 i c g b
Anthrimecus c g
Antioxenus c g
Antribisomus c g
Apatenia c g
Aphaulimia c g
Apinotropis c g
Apolecta c g
Apolectella c g
Apteroxenus c g
Arachnocaulus c g
Araecerus Schoenherr, 1823 i c g b
Araeocerodes c g
Araeocerus c g
Araeocorynus c g
Araeoderes Schaeffer, 1906 i c g b
Aranthribus Kuschel, 1998 g
Arecopais c g
Asemorhinus c g
Astianus c g
Atinella c g
Atinellia c g
Atophoderes c g
Atoporhis c g
Atropideres c g
Aulodina c g
Aurigeripilus Mermudes g
Autotropis c g
Balanodes c g
Barra c g
Barridia c g
Basarukinia c g
Baseocolpus c g
Basidissus c g
Basitropis c g
Batyrhinius c g
Blaberops c g
Blabirhinus c
Bothrus c g
Botriessa c g
Brachetrus c g
Brachycorynus Valentine, 1998 i g b
Brachylaenus c g
Brachytarsoides c g
Brachytarsus c g
Branconymus c g
Brevibarra c g
Breviurodon c g
Bruchela c g
Bruchella c g
Bythoprotus c g
Caccorhinus c g
Cacephatus c g
Caenophloeobius c g
Caliobius Holloway, 1982 g
Callanthribus c g
Camaroderes c g
Cappadox c g
Caranistes c g
Catephina c g
Cedocus c g
Cedus c g
Cenchromorphus c g
Cerambyrhynchus c g
Cercomorphus c g
Cercotaphius c g
Cerius Holloway, 1982 g
Chirotenon c g
Choragus Kirby, 1819 i c g b
Cisanthribus c g
Citacalus c g
Cleorisintor c g
Cleranthribus c g
Commista c g
Conauchenus c g
Contexta c g
Cornipila c g
Corrhecerus c g
Corynaecia c g
Cratoparis c g
Cretanthribus Legalov, 2009 g
Cretochoragus Soriano, Gratshev & Delclòs, 2006 g
Cybosoma c g
Cylindroides c g
Cyptoxenus Valentine, 1982 g
Dasyanthribus Holloway, 1982 g
Dasycorynus c g
Dasyrhopala c g
Decataphanes c g
Dendropemon c g
Dendrotrogus c g
Derisemias c g
Derographium c g
Deropygus c g
Deuterocrates c g
Diastatotropis Lacordaire, 1866 g
Dinema Fairmaire, 1849 i c g
Dinephrius c g
Dinocentrus c g
Dinomelaena c g
Dinosaphis c g
Directarius c g
Discotenes Labram & Imhoff, 1839 i c g b
Disphaerona c g
Disphaeronella c g
Dissoleucas c g
Doeothena c g
Dolichocera c g
Domoptolis c g
Doticus c g
Dysnocryptus c g
Dysnos c g
Ecelonerus c g
Echotropis c g
Ecprepia c g
Ectatotarsus c g
Eczesaris
Electranthribus Legalov, 2013 g
Enedreutes c g
Enedreytes c g
Ennadius
Enspondus c g
Entaphioides c g
Entromus c g
Eothaumas c g
Epargemus c g
Epicerastes c g
Epidysnos c g
Epiplaterus c g
Epitaphius c g
Erichsonocis c g
Erotylopsis c g
Esocus c g
Ethneca
Etnalidius Kuschel, 1998 g
Etnalis c g
Euciodes c g
Eucloeus c g
Eucorynus c g
Eucyclotropis c g
Eugigas c g
Eugonissus c g
Eugonodes c g
Eugonops c g
Eugonus Schoenherr, 1833 i c g b
Eupanteos c g
Euparius Schoenherr, 1823 i c g b (fungus weevils)
Euphloeobius c g
Eurometopus c g
Eurymycter LeConte, 1876 i c g b
Euscelus
Eusintor c g
Eusphyrus LeConte, 1876 i c g b
Euxenulus Valentine, 1960 i c g b
Euxenus LeConte, 1876 i c g b
Euxuthus c g
Exechesops c g
Exechontis c g
Exilis c g
Exillis Pascoe, 1860 i c g
Exurodon c g
Garyus c g
Genethila c g
Gibber c g
Glaesotropis Gratshev & Zherikhin, 1995 g
Gnathoxena c g
Gnoticarina c g
Gomphides c g
Gomyaccudus Frieser, 1980 g
Goniocloeus Jordan, 1904 i c g b
Gonops c g
Gonotropis LeConte, 1876 i c g b
Griburiosoma c g
Gulamentus c g
Gymnognathus Schoenherr, 1826 i c g b
Gynandrocerus c g
Habrissus c g
Habroxenus Valentine, 1998 i g b
Hadromerina c g
Haplopygus Kuschel, 1998 g
Helmoreus Holloway, 1982 g
Heniocera c g
Hiera c g
Holophloeus c g
Holostilpna c g
Homalorhamphus c g
Homocloeus c g
Homoeodera c g
Homoeotropis c g
Hoplorhaphus Holloway, 1982 g
Hormiscops c g
Howeanthribus c g
Hucus c g
Hybosternus c g
Hylopemon c g
Hylotribus c g
Hypselotropis c g
Hypseus c g
Icospermus c g
Idiopus
Illis c g
Indotaphius c g
Isanthribus Holloway, 1982 g
Ischnocerus Schoenherr, 1839 i c g b
Japanthribus c g
Jordanthribus c g
Lagopezus c g
Lawsonia Sharp, 1873 g
Lemuricedus c g
Leptonemus c g
Lichenobius c g
Limiophaula c g
Litocerus c g
Litotropis c g
Macrocephalus Luo & Hu, 1999 c g
Macrotrichius c g
Mallorrhynchus c g
Mauia Blackburn, 1885 i c g
Mecocerina c g
Mecocerinopis c g
Mecocerus c g
Meconemus c g
Mecotarsus c g
Mecotropis c g
Meganthribus c g
Megatermis c g
Megax c g
Melanopsacus c g
Mentanus c g
Merarius c g
Meriolus c g
Mesidiotropis c g
Mesocranius Kuschel, 1998 g
Messalius c g
Mionus Kuschel, 1998 g
Misthosima c g
Misthosimella c g
Monocloeus c g
Monosirhapis c g
Morphocera c g
Mucronianus c g
Mycteis c g
Mylascopus c g
Nausicus c g
Neanthribus c g
Nemotrichus c g
Neoxenus Valentine, 1998 i g b
Nerthomma c g
Neseonos c g
Nesidobius c g
Nessia c
Nessiabrissus c g
Nessiara c g
Nessiaropsis c g
Nessiodocus c g
Nistacares c g
Notiana c g
Notioxenus c g
Notochoragus c g
Notoecia c g
Noxius c g
Opanthribus c g
Opisolia c g
Ormiscus G. R. Waterhouse, 1845 i c g b
Orthotropis c g
Oxyconus c g
Oxyderes c g
Ozotomerus c g
Pachygenia c g
Paecilocaulus c g
Palazia c g
Panastius c g
Pantorhaenas c g
Papuatorhaenas c g
Parablops
Paramesus c g
Paranthribus c g
Paraphloeobius c g
Parexillis c g
Paropus c g
Peltorrhinus c g
Penestica c g
Peribathys c g
Perichoragus c g
Perroudius Holloway, 1982 g
Phaenithon Schönherr, 1826 c g b
Phaeniton Schoenherr, 1823 i
Phaenotheriolum c g
Phaenotherion c g
Phaenotheriopsis c g
Phaenotheriosoma c g
Phaenotherium c g
Phaeochrotes c g
Phanosolena c g
Phaulimia c g
Phides c g
Phloeobiopsis c g
Phloeobius Schoenherr, 1823 i c g
Phloeomimus c g
Phloeopemon c g
Phloeophilus c g
Phloeops c g
Phloeotragus c g
Phoenicobiella Cockerell, 1906 i c g b
Phoenicobius c g
Phrynoidius c g
Physopterus c g
Piesocorynus Dejean, 1834 i g b
Piezobarra c g
Piezocorynus c g
Piezonemus c g
Pilitrogus c g
Pioenia c g
Pioenidia c g
Pistorhinus Kuschel, 1998 g
Platyrhinus Clairville, 1798 c
Platystomos c g
Platystomus c g
Plesiobasis c g
Plintheria c g
Polycorynus c g
Proscoporhinus c g
Proscoporrhinus c g
Proscopus
Protaedus c g
Protomerus c
†Protoscelis Medvdev, 1968[5]
Prototropis c g
Pseudeuparius c g
Pseudobasidissus c g
Pseudocedus c g
Pseudochoragus Petri, 1912 i c g b
Pseudomecorhis c g
Ptychoderes c g
Raphitropis c g
Rawasia c g
Rhaphidotropis c g
Rhaphitropis c g
Rhinanthribus c g
Rhinobrachys c g
Rhinotropis c g
Rhynapion c g
Saperdirhynchus Scudder, 1893 g
Schimatocheilus c g
Scirtetinus c g
Scymnopis c g
Sharpius Holloway, 1982 g
Sicanthus Valentine, 1998 i g b
Sintor c g
Sintorops c g
Solox Kuschel, 1998 g
Sophronus Kuschel, 1998 g
Spatorrhamphus c g
Sphinctotropis c g
Stenocerus Schoenherr, 1826 i c g b
Stenorhis c g
Stenorhynchus Lamarck, 1818 i c g
Sternocyphus c g
Stiboderes c g
Strabops c g
Straboscopus c g
Streneoderma c g
Styphlochoragus c g
Sympaector c g
Synchoragus c g
Syntophoderes c g
Systaltocerus c g
Taburnus c g
Talpella c g
Taphrodes c g
Tapinidius c g
Telala c g
Telphes c g
Teratanthribus c g
Tetragonopterus
Tophoderellus c g
Tophoderes c g
Toxonotus Lacordaire, 1866 i c g b
Toxotropis c g
Trachitropis b
Trachycyphus c g
Trachytropis Jordan, 1904 i c g
Tribasileus Holloway, 1982 g
Tribotropis c g
Trigonorhinus Wollaston, 1861 i c g b
Trigonorrhinus c g
Triplodus c g
Tropideres c g
Tropiderinus c g
Tropidivisus c g
Tropidobasis c g
Ulorhinus c g
Uncifer c g
Urodon c g
Urodontus Louw, 1993 i
Uterosomus c g
Valenfriesia Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal, 1999 g
Vitalis
Xanthoderopygus Senoh, 1984 g
Xenanthribus c g
Xenocerus c g
Xenognathus c
Xenopternis c g
Xenorchestes c g
Xenotropis c g
Xylinada c g
Xylinades c g
Xylopoemon c g
Xynotropis c g
Xynotrupis c g
Zopyrinus c g
Zygaenodes c g

Data sources: i = ITIS,[1] c = Catalogue of Life,[2] g = GBIF,[3] b = Bugguide.net[4]
References

"Anthribidae Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
"Browse Anthribidae". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
"Anthribidae". GBIF. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
"Anthribidae Family Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
Legalov, A.A. (2013). "Review of the family Anthribidae (Coleoptera) from the Jurassic of Karatau: subfamily Protoscelinae. Genus: Protoscelis Medvedev". Paleontological Journal. 47 (3): 292–302. doi:10.1134/S0031030113030064.

References

Legalov, A.A. (2013). "Review of the family Anthribidae (Coleoptera) from the Jurassic of Karatau: subfamily Protoscelinae. Genus: Protoscelis Medvedev". Paleontological Journal. 47 (3): 292–302. doi:10.1134/S0031030113030064.
"Anthribidae Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
"Anthribidae". GBIF. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
"Browse Anthribidae". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2018-04-21.