Anthocoridae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Paraneoptera
Superordo: Condylognatha
Ordo: Hemiptera
Subordo: Heteroptera
Infraordo: Cimicomorpha
Superfamilia: Cimicoidea

Familia: Anthocoridae
Subfamiliae (3): Anthocorinae – Lasiochilinae – Lyctocorinae

Overview of genera

Acompocoris – Alofa – Ameroscolopa – Amphiareus – Anthocoris – Brachysteles – Buchananiella – Calliodis – Cardiastethus – Dasyleistes – Dasypterus (Reuter) – Dolostethus – Dufouriellus – Dysepicritus – Eulasiocolpus – Guayascoris – Indocoris – Lasiochilus – Lepidonannella – Lilia – Lyctocoris – Macrotrachelia – Maoricoris – Montandoniola – Nidicola – Opisthypselus – Orius – Pehuencoris – Physopleurella – Rajburicoris – Scolopa – Scolopella – Scolopocoris – Scolopoides – Scoloposcelis – Shujaocoris – Tiare – Wollastoniella – Xylocoridea – Xylocoris – Xyloecocoris – †Brachypicritus – †Xyloesteles
...
Name

Anthocoridae Fieber, 1837

Type genus: Anthocoris Fallén, 1814

References

Beitr. Nat. Heilwiss. 1: 106
Carayon, J. 1972: Caractères systématiques et classification des Anthocoridae (Hemipt.) Annales de la Société entomologique de France (n.s.), 8(2): 309–349. Reference page.
Jung, S.; Kim, H.; Yamada, K.; Lee, S. 2010: Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary habitat transition of the flower bugs (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 57(3): 1173–1183. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.013
Lattin, J.D. 1999: Bionomics of the Anthocoridae. Annual review of entomology, 44: 207–231. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.44.1.207

Additional references

Falamarzi, S.; Asadi, G.; Hosseini, R. 2009: Species inventory, preys and host plants of Anthocoridae sensu lato (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) in Shiraz and its environs (Iran, Fars province). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 49: 33–42. Abstract
Ghahari, H., Carpintero, D.L. & Ostovan, H. 2009. An annotated catalogue of the Iranian Anthocoridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 49(1): 43–58. PDF. Reference page.
Ghahari, H.; Carpintero, D.L.; Ostovan, H. 2009: An annotated catalogue of the Iranian Anthocoridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 49: 43–58. Abstract
Gross, G.F. 1954: A revision of the flower bugs (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) of the Australian and adjacent Pacific Regions. Part I. Records of the South Australian Museum, 11: 129–164. PDF PDF
Gross, G.F. 1955: A revision of the flower bugs (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) of the Australian and adjacent Pacific Regions - Part II. Records of the South Australian Museum, 11: 409–422. PDF
Gross, G.F. 1957: A revision of the flower bugs (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) of the Australian and adjacent Pacific Regions - Part III. Records of the South Australian Museum, 13: 131–142.
Ostovan, H., Ghahari, H. & Moulet, P. 2017. Updated catalogue of Iranian Anthocoridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha). Zootaxa 4311(4): 451–479. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4311.4.1. Reference page.
Popov, Y.A.; Herczek, A.; Broòek, J. 2011: The first fossil Dufoureillini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Anthocoridae: Lyctocorinae) from the Eocene Baltic amber. Zootaxa, 2760: 53–60. Preview
Postle, A.C.; Woodward, T.E. 1988: The digestive and male internal reproductive systems of some Australian Anthocoridae (Hemiptera). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 27(2): 117–129. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1988.tb01158.x
Štys, P. 1975: Suprageneric nomenclature of Anthocoridae (Heteroptera). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica, 1973: 159–162.

Vernacular names
English: flower bugs, minute pirate bugs
suomi: Nokkaluteet

Anthocoridae is a family of bugs, commonly called minute pirate bugs or flower bugs. Worldwide there are 500-600 species.[1]

Description

Anthocoridae are 1.5–5 mm long and have soft, elongated oval, flat bodies, often patterned in black and white. The head is extended forward and the antennae are longer than the head and visible from above. They possess a piercing and sucking three-segmented beak or labium used to inject prey with digestive enzymes and consume food. In general appearance, they resemble soft bugs Miridae, but Anthocoridae differ by their possession of two ocelli as adults. Anthocorids possess two pairs of wings with hemelytra and membranous hindwings.[2][3]

Many species are referred to as insidious flower bugs or pirate bugs.[4] The scientific name is a combination of the Greek words anthos "flower" and koris "bug".
Habitat and behavior

Many species can be found in cryptic habitats such as galls, but can also be present in open surface environments. They can often be found in many agricultural crops.[5] They can feed on plant material, but mostly feed on other small soft-bodied arthropods.[1] Anthocorids are often predacious both as nymphs and adults.[2] They are beneficial as biological control agents. Orius insidiosus, the "insidious flower bug", for example, feeds on the eggs of the corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea). Orius insidiosus is often released in greenhouses against mites and thrips.[6]

Eggs are laid in plant material and hatch in approximately 3 to 5 days. Nymphs require at least 20 days to progress through five instars. Adults live for approximately 35 days.[7] These small insects can bite humans, however, they do not feed on human blood or inject venom or saliva. Reactions to bites in individuals can range from no effect to minor swelling and irritation.[5]
Systematics

These genera belong to the family Anthocoridae:[2][8]

Acompocoris Reuter, 1875 i c g b
Almeida Distant, 1910 g
Alofa Herring, 1976 i c g
Anthocoris Fallen, 1814 i c g b
Astemmocoris Carayon & Usinger, 1965 g
Bilia (bug) Distant, 1904 g
Blaptostethoides Carayon, 1972 g
Blaptostethus Fieber, 1860 g
Brachypicritus Popov & Herczek, 2011 g
Coccivora McAtee & Malloch, 1925 i c g b
Elatophilus Reuter, 1884 i c g b
Eoanthocoris Popov, 1990 g
Kitocoris Herring, 1967 g
Lilia White, 1879 i c g
Lyctoferus Popov, 2003 g
Macrothacheliella Champion, 1900 i c g
Macrotrachelia Reuter, 1871 i c g
Macrotracheliella Champion, 1900 g b
Maoricoris c g
Melanocoris Champion, 1900 i c g b
Mesanthocoris Hong & Wang, 1990 g
Montandoniola Poppius, 1909 g b
Orius Wolff, 1811 i c g b
Paratriphleps Champion, 1900 i c g b
Pehuencoris Carpintero & Dellapé, 2006 g
Persephonocoris Popov & Herczek, 2001 g
Temnostethus Fieber, 1860 i c g b
Tetraphleps Fieber, 1860 i c g b
Turnebiella Poppius, 1915 g
Wollastoniella Reuter, 1884 g
Xyloesteles Popov & Herczek, 2011 g
Xylocoridea Reuter, 1876

Data sources: i = ITIS,[9] c = Catalogue of Life,[10] g = GBIF,[11] b = Bugguide.net[12]
References

Lattin, J.D. (1999). "Bionomics of the Anthocoridae". Annual Review of Entomology. 44: 207–31. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.44.1.207. PMID 15012372.
Horton, D.R. (2008). "Minute Pirate Bugs (Hemiptera: Anthcoridae)". In Capinera, J.L. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Entomology. pp. 2402–2412. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4633. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.
E. Wachmann, A. Melber & J. Deckert: Wanzen. Band 1: Dipsocoromorpha, Nepomorpha, Gerromorpha, Leptopodomorpha, Cimicomorpha (Teil I), Neubearbeitung der Wanzen Deutschlands, Österreichs und der deutschsprachigen Schweiz, Goecke & Evers Keltern, 2006, ISBN 3-931374-49-1
"Minute Pirate Bugs". Iowa Insect Information Notes. Iowa State University. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
"Minute Pirate Bugs – Little Bug with a Big Bite". University of Illinois Extension. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
"Midwest Biological Control News". Archived from the original on July 7, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
"Back to Predators Table of Contents Orius tristicolor and O. insidiosus". Cornell University. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
Péricart, J. 1996. Family Anthocoridae Fieber, 1836 flower bugs, minute pirate bugs, pp. 108–318. In Aukema, B. and C. Rieger, eds. Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region. Vol. 2. Cimicomorpha I. Netherlands Entomological Society, Amsterdam. 359 pp.
"Anthocoridae Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
"Browse Anthocoridae". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
"Anthocoridae". GBIF. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
"Anthocoridae Family Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-04-23.