Eresus

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Classis: Arachnida
Ordo: Araneae
Subordo: Opisthothelae
Infraordo: Araneomorphae
Taxon: Neocribellatae
Series: Entelegynae
Superfamilia: Eresoidea

Familia: Eresidae
Genus: Eresus
Species: E. adaleari – E. albopictus – E. crassitibialis – E. da – E. granosus – E. hermani – E. jerbae – E. kollari – E. lavrosiae – E. lishizheni – E. moravicus – E. pharaonis – E. robustus – E. rotundiceps – E. ruficapillus – E. sandaliatus – E. sedilloti – E. semicanus – E. solitarius – E. walckenaeri – E. yukuni
Nomina dubia

Eresus albomarginatus Lucas, 1864: 29 (m, Senegal) -- El-Hennawy, 2004b: 34.
Eresus ater Walckenaer, 1805: 21, pl. 3, f. 25-26 (m, Italy) -- Řezáč, Pekár & Johannesen, 2008: 270.
Eresus cinnaberinus (Olivier, 1789: 221, originally in Aranea, placed in Erythrophorus by C. L. Koch, 1850: 71, m, Italy) * -- Řezáč, Pekár & Johannesen, 2008: 270.
Eresus dubius (Walckenaer, 1837: 392, m, Italy, originally in Chersis) -- Řezáč, Pekár & Johannesen, 2008: 270.
Eresus illustris C. L. Koch, 1837a: 105, f. 317 (m, possibly Hungary) -- Řezáč, Pekár & Johannesen, 2008: 270.
Eresus moniligerus (Villers, 1789: 128, pl. 11, f. 8, f, France, originally in Aranea) -- Řezáč, Pekár & Johannesen, 2008: 270.
Eresus niger (Petagna, 1787: 34, 1792: 437, m, Italy, originally in Aranea) -- Řezáč, Pekár & Johannesen, 2008: 270.
Eresus petagnae Audouin, 1826: 374, pl. 4, f. 11 (f, Egypt, Syria) -- El-Hennawy, 2004b: 33.
Eresus pulchellus Lucas, 1864: 29 (f, Egypt) -- El-Hennawy, 2004b: 33.
Eresus quatuorguttatus (Rossi, 1790: 135, pl. 1, f. 8-9, m, Italy, originally in Aranea, placed in Erythrophorus by C. L. Koch, 1850: 71) -- Řezáč, Pekár & Johannesen, 2008: 270

Name

Eresus Walckenaer, 1805

Type species: Aranea cinnaberinus Olivier, 1789 (nomen dubium)
References

Kovács, G., Prazsák, I., Eichardt, J., Vári, G., Gyurkovics, H. 2015: A new ladybird spider from Hungary (Araneae, Eresidae). Zookeys 494: 13–30. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.494.8676. Reference page.
Lin, Y.J., Marusik, Y.M., Gao, C.X., Xu, H., Zhang, X.Q., Wang, Z.Y., Zhu, W.H & Li, S.Q. 2021. Twenty-three new spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from Asia. Zoological Systematics 46(2): 91–152. DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021201. Open access. Reference page.
Lin, Y.J., Li, S.Q., Zhao, X., Chen, Z.Q. & Chen, H.F. 2022. Two new Eresus species (Araneae, Eresidae) from Xinjiang, China. Biodiversity Data Journal 10: e94853. DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.10.e94853. Open access. Reference page.
Miller, J.A., Griswold, C.E., Scharff, N., Řezáč, M., Szűts, T. & Marhabaie, M. 2012. The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae). ZooKeys 195: 1–144. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.195.2342 Open access. Reference page.
Řezáč, M.; Pekár, S.; Johannesen, J. 2008: Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of central European Eresus species (Araneae: Eresidae). Zoologica scripta, 37(3): 263–287. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00328.x
Zamani, A., Altin, Ç. & Szűts, T. 2020. A black sheep in Eresus (Araneae: Eresidae): taxonomic notes on the ladybird spiders of Iran and Turkey, with a new species. Zootaxa 4851(3): 559–572. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4851.3.6. Paywall. Reference page.

Links

Platnick, N. I. 2009. The World Spider Catalog, version 9.5. American Museum of Natural History. [1]
Species-ID

Vernacular names
한국어: 주홍거미속

Eresus, also called ladybird spiders,[2] is a genus of velvet spiders that was first described by Charles Athanase Walckenaer in 1805.[3] Members of the genus formerly called Eresus cinnaberinus or Eresus niger are now placed in one of three species: Eresus kollari, Eresus sandaliatus and Eresus moravicus.[2]
Description

They resemble both jumping spiders and the spiders in the Palpimanidae, as their bodies look similar, and are as well rather velvety. Males of this genus have a red abdomen, with black spotting, usually taking the form of 4 black spots. While the rest of the body is usually black, with some reddish areas or white areas. Females of this genus are duly colored usually being a grey, brown or black color. Majority have a range of full body length to reach 8.5 to 20mm, as well as a distinct prosomal length of 3.6 to 6.1 mm. Some species having some yellow coloration, thought they are still significantly duller then the males.[4]
Identification

Males of this genus can usually be distinguished by their unique abdominal pattern. Which in the lateral areas has two pairs of black patches which is surrounded by some reddish coloration. Sometimes they also have an extra pair. Females are harder to distinguish, with a species specific dedicated identification section being needed.[4]
Distribution

They are found in Europe, Asia and Africa, usually in non-forested warm and dry habitats. Their life[5] cycle is completed in 3–4 years, after they undergo dispersion and reach a juvenile state and turn into predators. Some species build a vertical burrow which is lined with silk, the opening being camouflaged with a silken sheet of debris. While some species don't build a burrow and just make their tubes under stones.[4]
Species

As of October 2021 it contains twenty-four species:[1]

Eresus adaleari Zamani & Szűts, 2020 - Iran
Eresus albopictus Simon, 1873 – Morocco, Algeria
Eresus bifasciatus Ermolajev, 1937 – Russia (South Siberia)
Eresus crassitibialis Wunderlich, 1987 – Canary Is.
Eresus granosus Simon, 1895 – Russia (West Siberia), China
Eresus hermani Kovács, Prazsák, Eichardt, Vári & Gyurkovics, 2015 – Hungary
Eresus kollari Rossi, 1846 – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran, Central Asia
Eresus k. frontalis Latreille, 1819 – Spain
Eresus k. ignicomis Simon, 1914 – France (Corsica)
Eresus k. latefasciatus Simon, 1911 – Algeria
Eresus k. tricolor Simon, 1873 – France (Corsica)
Eresus lavrosiae Mcheidze, 1997 – Georgia
Eresus lishizheni 2021 - China
Eresus moravicus Řezáč, 2008 – Austria, Hungary, Czech Rep., Slovakia, Albania
Eresus pharaonis Walckenaer, 1837 – Egypt
Eresus robustus Franganillo, 1918 – Spain
Eresus rotundiceps Simon, 1873 – Ukraine, Turkmenistan
Eresus ruficapillus C. L. Koch, 1846 – Italy (Sicily)
Eresus sandaliatus (Martini & Goeze, 1778) – Europe
Eresus sedilloti Simon, 1881 – Portugal, Spain
Eresus solitarius Simon, 1873 – Mediterranean
Eresus tristis Kroneberg, 1875 - Kazakhstan
Eresus walckenaeri Brullé, 1832 – Mediterranean
Eresus w. moerens C. L. Koch, 1846 – Afghanistan

References

"Gen. Eresus Walckenaer, 1805". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
Řezáč, M.; Pekár, S.; Johannesen, J. (2008). "Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of central European Eresus species (Araneae: Eresidae)". Zoologica Scripta. 37 (3): 263–287. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00328.x. S2CID 85578392.
Walckenaer, C. A. (1805). Tableau des aranéides ou caractères essentiels des tribus, genres, familles et races que renferme le genre Aranea de Linné, avec la désignation des espèces comprises dans chacune de ces divisions.
Miller, Jeremy A.; Griswold, Charles E.; Scharff, Nikolaj; Řezáč, Milan; Szűts, Tamás; Marhabaie, Mohammad (2012-05-17). "The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae)". ZooKeys (195): 1–144. doi:10.3897/zookeys.195.2342. ISSN 1313-2989. PMC 3361087. PMID 22679386.
Perez, Zarcos, Laura; Sánchez, Piñero, Francisco (2016-11-01). "Diet of the ladybird spider Eresus kollari (Araneae: Eresidae) in an arid system of southeastern Spain". BioOneCOMPLETE. Retrieved 2023-03-17.