Dictynoidea

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Classis: Arachnida
Ordo: Araneae
Subordo: Opisthothelae
Infraordo: Araneomorphae
Taxon: Neocribellatae
Series: Entelegynae
Superfamilia: Dictynoidea
Familiae (5): Cybaeidae - Desidae - Dictynidae - Hahniidae - Nicodamidae

References

Spagna, J.C.; Crews, S.C.; Gillespie, R.G. 2010: Patterns of habitat affinity and Austral/Holarctic parallelism in dictynoid spiders (Araneae : Entelegynae). Invertebrate systematics, 24: 238–257. DOI: 10.1071/IS10001

Vernacular names
中文: 叶蛛总科

The Dictynoidea or dictynoids are a group of araneomorph spiders that have been treated as a superfamily. The composition of the group has varied. Phylogenetic studies in the 21st century have failed to confirm the monophyly of the dictynoids as originally defined.
Phylogeny

The "classical" circumscription of Dictynoidea from the 1970s included the families Amauroboididae (now placed in Anyphaenidae), Anyphaenidae, Argyronetidae (now included in Cybaeidae), Dictynidae, Desidae, Hahniidae and Nicodamidae.[1] In 1991, Coddington and Levi included "at least" Desidae, Dictynidae, Cybaeidae, Argyronetidae (now included in Cybaeidae), Hahniidae and Neolanidae (now Stiphidiidae) in Dictynoidea, which in their cladistic hypothesis for the phylogeny of the araneomorphs was presented as a clade within the RTA clade. However, they said that placing many families in Dictynoidea had more to do with "tradition than explicit justification".[2]

In Jonathan A. Coddington's 2005 summary of the phylogeny and classification of spiders, Dictynoidea has disappeared. Desidae is an "agelenoid"; Dictynidae is the most basal family in the RTA clade; Cybaeidae and Hahniidae are "unplaced families"; Neolanidae (Amphinectidae) is a "stiphidioid".[3] A 2009 "preferred topology" also put genera from Dictynidae at the base of the RTA clade and combined genera from Desidae and Agelenidae into a clade.[4] A 2013 summary, shown below, grouped three members of the classical Dictynoidea into one clade, placing a fourth into another clade, but without naming any of the clades.[5] Bold names represent classical Dictynoidea.

Hahniidae Dictynidae Cybaeidae Agelenidae Desidae Amphinectidae (now Desidae) Stiphidiidae

Stiphidiidae

A 2017 study also did not support the Dictynoidea, but placed the families previously included in this group in a more widely defined "marronoid clade", comprising Amaurobiidae, Agelenidae, Cybaeidae, Cycloctenidae, Desidae, Dictynidae, Hahniidae, Stiphidiidae and Toxopidae.[6]
Families

Families included by some sources that used the name "Dictynoidea" are shown in the table below.
Family "Classical" (1970s)[1] Coddington & Levi (1991)[2] Dunlop & Penny (2011)[7]
Amphinectidae
(now Desidae) – yes –
Anyphaenidae
(Amauroboididae) yes – –
Cybaeidae
(Argyronetidae) yes yes yes
Desidae yes yes yes
Dictynidae yes yes yes
Hahniidae yes yes yes
Nicodamidae yes – –
References

Griswold, Charles E.; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Platnick, Norman I. & Forster, Raymond R. (1999), "Towards a Phylogeny of Entelegyne Spiders (Araneae, Araneomorphae, Entelegynae)", Journal of Arachnology, 27 (1): 53–63, JSTOR 3705965, p. 60
Coddington, Jonathan A. & Levi, Herbert W. (1991), "Systematics and evolution of spiders (Araneae)", Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 22: 565–592, doi:10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.003025, JSTOR 2097274, S2CID 55647804
Coddington, Jonathan A. (2005), "Phylogeny and classification of spiders" (PDF), in Ubick, D.; Paquin, P.; Cushing, P.E. & Roth, V. (eds.), Spiders of North America: an identification manual, American Arachnological Society, pp. 18–24, retrieved 2015-09-24
Blackledge, Todd A.; Scharff, Nikolaj; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Szüts, Tamas; Wenzel, John W.; Hayashi, Cheryl Y. & Agnarsson, Ingi (2009), "Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (13): 5229–5234, doi:10.1073/pnas.0901377106, PMC 2656561, PMID 19289848
Wolff, Jonas O.; Nentwig, Wolfgang & Gorb, Stanislav N. (2013), "The Great Silk Alternative: Multiple Co-Evolution of Web Loss and Sticky Hairs in Spiders", PLOS ONE, 8 (5): e62682, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062682, PMC 3641104, PMID 23650526, based on Nentwig, Wolfgang, ed. (2013), "Appendix : Spider Phylogeny" (PDF), Spider Ecophysiology, Springer, ISBN 978-3-642-33988-2, retrieved 2015-11-03
Wheeler, Ward C.; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Crowley, Louise M.; Dimitrov, Dimitar; Goloboff, Pablo A.; Griswold, Charles E.; Hormiga, Gustavo; Prendini, Lorenzo; Ramírez, Martín J.; Sierwald, Petra; Almeida-Silva, Lina; Alvarez-Padilla, Fernando; Arnedo, Miquel A.; Benavides Silva, Ligia R.; Benjamin, Suresh P.; Bond, Jason E.; Grismado, Cristian J.; Hasan, Emile; Hedin, Marshal; Izquierdo, Matías A.; Labarque, Facundo M.; Ledford, Joel; Lopardo, Lara; Maddison, Wayne P.; Miller, Jeremy A.; Piacentini, Luis N.; Platnick, Norman I.; Polotow, Daniele; Silva-Dávila, Diana; Scharff, Nikolaj; Szűts, Tamás; Ubick, Darrell; Vink, Cor J.; Wood, Hannah M. & Zhang, Junxia (2017) [published online 2016], "The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling", Cladistics, 33 (6): 574–616, doi:10.1111/cla.12182, PMID 34724759, S2CID 35535038
Dunlop, Jason A. & Penney, David (2011), "Order Araneae Clerck, 1757" (PDF), in Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.), Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness, Zootaxa, Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press, ISBN 978-1-86977-850-7, retrieved 2015-10-31Links