Archaeidae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Classis: Arachnida
Ordo: Araneae
Subordo: Opisthothelae
Infraordo: Araneomorphae
Taxon: Neocribellatae
Series: Entelegynae
Superfamilia: Archaeoidea

Familia: Archaeidae
Subfamiliae: Archaeinae – Mecysmaucheniinae – †Jurarchaeinae – †Lacunaucheniinae
Genera (11): Afrarchaea – Austrarchaea – Eriauchenius – Madagascarchaea – Zephyrarchaea – †Archaea – †Burmesarchaea – †Eomysmauchenius – †Filiauchenius – †Lacunauchenius – †Myrmecarchaea – †Planarchaea
Name

Archaeidae C. L. Koch & Berendt, 1854

References

Koch, C.L. & Berendt, G.C. 1854. Die im Bernstein befindlichen Crustaceen, Myriapoden, Arachniden und Apteren der Vorwelt. In Berendt, G.C., Die im Bernstein befindlichen Organischen Reste der Vorwelt 1(2): 1–124. Reference page.
Forster, R.R. & Platnick, N.I. 1984. A review of the archaeid spiders and their relatives, with notes on the limits of the superfamily Palpimanoidea (Arachnida, Araneae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 178: 1–106. hdl: 2246/991
Penney, D. 2003. Afrarchaea grimaldii, a new species of Archaeidae (Araneae) in Cretaceous Burmese amber. Journal of arachnology 31: 122–130. PDF.
Wood, H.M., Griswold, C.E. & Gillespie, R.G. 2012. Phylogenetic placement of pelican spiders (Archaeidae, Araneae), with insight into evolution of the “neck” and predatory behaviours of the superfamily Palpimanoidea. Cladistics 28(6): 598–626. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00411.x Open access. Reference page.
Wood, H.M. & Scharff, N. 2018. A review of the Madagascan pelican spiders of the genera Eriauchenius O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881 and Madagascarchaea gen. n. (Araneae, Archaeidae). ZooKeys 727: 1–96. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.727.20222. Reference page.
Wood, H.M., Singh, H. & Grimaldi, D.A. 2021. Another Laurasian connection in the Early Eocene of India: Myrmecarchaea spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae). Zookeys 1071ː 49–61. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1071.72515 Open access Reference page.
Wunderlich, J. 2008. The dominance of ancient spider families of the Araneae: Haplogyne in the Cretaceous, and the late diversification of advanced ecribellate spiders of the Entelegynae after the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary extinction events, with descriptions of new families. Beiträge zur Araneologie 5: 524–675. Reference page.
Wunderlich, J. 2015. On the evolution and the classification of spiders, the Mesozoic spider faunas, and descriptions of new Cretaceous taxa mainly in amber from Myanmar (Burma) (Arachnida: Araneae). Beiträge zur Araneologie 9: 21–408. Reference page.

Links

The World Spider Catalog, Version 15.5

Vernacular names
English: Assassin spiders
中文: 古蛛科

Archaeidae, also known as assassin spiders and pelican spiders, is a spider family with about ninety described species in five genera.[1] It contains small spiders, ranging from 2 to 8 millimetres (0.079 to 0.315 in) long, that prey exclusively on other spiders.[2] They are unusual in that they have "necks", ranging from long and slender to short and fat. The name "pelican spider" refers to these elongated jaws and necks used to catch their prey. Living species of Archaeidae occur in South Africa, Madagascar and Australia, with the sister family Mecysmaucheniidae occurring in southern South America and New Zealand.[1]

Assassin spiders were first known from 40 million-year-old amber fossils which were found in Europe in the 1840s and were not known to have living varieties until 1881, when the first living assassin spider was found in Madagascar.[3]

The fossil record of this family was first identified from Baltic amber dating to the Eocene, although many taxa from these deposits have been reassigned to Mecysmaucheniidae, Malkaridae, and Anapidae. Currently valid Baltic species include Archaea levigata and Archaea paradoxa. In 2003, Afarchaea grimaldii was described from Cretaceous Burmese amber aged between 88 and 95 million years, extending the record of this group considerably, the oldest fossil known of the group is Patarchaea muralis from the Middle Jurassic (Oxfordian/Callovian) of Inner Mongolia, China.[4]
Taxonomy

The family Archaeidae was erected in 1854 by C. L. Koch and Berendt[1] for one genus, Archaea, initially with three extinct species,[3] all found in amber from the Baltic Sea or Bitterfeld in Sexony-Anhalt, Germany. No living species are placed in this genus.
Extant genera

As of April 2019, the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:[1]

Afrarchaea Forster & Platnick, 1984 — South Africa
Austrarchaea Forster & Platnick, 1984 — Australia
Eriauchenus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881 — Madagascar
Madagascarchaea Wood & Scharff, 2018 — Madagascar
Zephyrarchaea Rix & Harvey, 2012 — Australia

Fossils

Fossils found in amber, particularly from the Baltic and Myanmar (Burma), have been assigned to a number of extant and extinct genera placed in the family Archaeidae.[5] The extinct species Burmesarchaea grimaldii (syn. Afrarchaea grimaldii) was found in Burmese amber dated to 88–95 Mya.[6] Jurarchaea zherikhini Eskov, 1987 was previously considered a member of this family. Still, it is more likely a holarchaeid or a pararchaeid.[citation needed]

†Archaea Koch and Berendt 1854 Baltic, Bitterfeld amber, Eocene
†Archaemecys Saupe and Selden 2009 Charentese amber, France, Cenomanian
†Baltarchaea Eskov 1992 Baltic amber, Eocene
†Burmesarchaea Wunderlich 2008 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
†Eoarchaea Forster and Platnick 1984 Baltic, Bitterfeld amber, Eocene
†Eomysmauchenius Wunderlich 2008 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
†Lacunauchenius Wunderlich 2008 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
†Myrmecarchaea Wunderlich 2004 Baltic amber, Eocene
†Patarchaea Selden et al. 2008 Daohugou, China, Callovian
†Planarchaea Wunderlich 2015 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
†Saxonarchaea Wunderlich 2004 Baltic, Bitterfeld amber, Eocene

Phylogeny

A 2012 Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 15 Archaeidae species, using combined molecular and morphological data, produced the cladogram shown below. Species representing modern genera found in Africa and Madagascar (Afrarchaea and Eriauchenius) were not resolved into monophyletic groups; Zephyrarchaea had not then been split off from Austrarchaea. The species found in European amber formed a clade, whereas Burmesarchaea grimaldii, from Burmese amber, appeared to be basal to modern genera.[7]

Archaeidae

	Austrarchaea (including Zephyrarchaea)

	Afrarchaea + Eriauchenius

†Burmesarchaea grimaldii

†Archaea paradoxa

†Baltarchaea conica

	†Myrmecarchaea sp.

	†Patarchaea muralis