Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Superordo: Caprimulgimorphae
Ordo: Apodiformes
Familia: Trochilidae
Subfamilia: Trochilinae
Genus: Amazilis
Species: Amazilis amazilia
Subspecies: A. a. alticola – A. a. amazilia – A. a. azuay – A. a. caeruleigularis – A. a. dumerilii – A. a. leucophoea
Name
Amazilis amazilia (Lesson & Garnot, 1827)
Type locality: Environs of Lima, i.e. Callao, Peru.
Synonyms
Orthorhynchus amazilia (protonym)
Amazilia amazilia (Lesson & Garnot, 1827)
References
Lesson, R.P. & Garnot, P. 1826–1830. In Duperrey, L.I. Voyage autour du monde Exécuté par ordre du Roi sur La Corvette de Sa Majesté La Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825 par L. I. Duperrey ... Commandant de l'Expedition ... Zoologie, tome I, pt. II. Paris. pp. 362–743. BHL DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.57936 Reference page. Original description p. 683. 1 livr.4 BHL pl. 31 fig.3; 1830 BHL
=Vernacular names
Deutsch: Lesson-Amazilie
English: Amazilia Hummingbird
español: Amazilia costeña
The amazilia hummingbird (Amazilis amazilia) is a hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is the only species placed in the genus Amazilis. In its range it is easily recognized by the combination of a black-tipped red bill and mainly rufous underparts.[3] Additionally, the Amazilia hummingbird has species with blue-throats (amazlilia amazilia caeruleigularis), white-throats (amazilis amazilia), and green throats(amazilis amazilia amazilia). The male species typically has a flat red bill and a green belly, with no white patch on the underside. The females are very similar, however they can oftentimes have more white on their throat. Younger birds of this species have a brown hint on the outside of their feathers on the upperparts of their bodies. These birds are of medium size. These birds do migrate, however they do breed year-round. It is a territorial species.
Taxonomy
The amazilia hummingbird was formerly placed in the genus Amazilia. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that the genus Amazilia was polyphyletic.[4] In the revised classification to create monophyletic genera, the amazilia hummingbird was moved to the resurrected genus Amazilis that had been introduced in 1855 by George Gray.[5][6]
Some ornithologists have proposed that the subspecies Amazilis amazilia alticola, the Loja hummingbird, should be treated as a separate species.[7][8] There are a few different subspecies of this bird, including the a.dumerilii, the a.azuay, the a.alticola, and the a. Leucophloea. The amazilila dumerilii and amazilila leucohpeloa are found in Peru, and the amazilila azuay and alticola are found in different parts of Ecuador.[9] These all show a number of similarities between each other, as the white-chested hummingbirds are a subspecies that have similarities to these other types of birds.
Identification
Males measure 5–6.5 grams while females are 4.5-5.5 grams. The coloring of the Amazilis Amazilia can vary subtly from species to species, but overall there are similar traits. The Amazilia Hummingbird has a flesh-red bill with a dark tip and gold/green upper-parts. Its throat is a turquoise green and a bronze-green belly. Females commonly resemble their male counterparts except a paler stomach and more conspicuous subterminal bars on chin. Younger birds have a brown tint on feathers of upperparts.[3]
Distribution and Habitat
The amazilia hummingbird occurs in western Peru and south-western Ecuador. It is generally common, and can regularly be seen even in major cities such as Lima and Guayaquil. It ventures around gardens and parks in these cities, airing toward more public areas. It frequents dry, open or semi-open habitats, but also occurs in forests, specifically thorn forests and forests near the Pacific. It sometimes exhibits altitudinal migration. The amazilia hummingbird has been recorded nesting year-round.[10] Unlike many other members of the genus (hummingbirds), the Amazilis Amazilia prefers semi-arid to arid climate. This hummingbird likes partially coastal, thorn forest, a scrub landscape, desert areas, and xerophytic steppe. The races leucophae, alticola, and dumerilii inhibit the subtropical zones while the latter occupies higher altitudes like the cloud forest and savannas in the sub-montane zone. The Amazilia Hummingbird is also a common sight in gardens and parks. These birds can be seen year-round.[3]
Behavior
Amazilia hummingbirds don't gather in flocks nor do they migrate. Males will fly in a u-shaped pattern in front of the females as a mating ritual. After mating, the pair separates immediately. Males and females both have multiple different breeding partners throughout their lives. The males defend their territory and the females build nests and raise the young. They feed their chicks by regurgitated food. The young are born blind and immobile. They are brooded after approximately one or two weeks after they are born. The young are left on their own after about 12 days. They leave their nests when they are about 20 days old.[11] A study was conducted in September 2001 to investigate the time budget of the A. Amazilia in Lima, Peru. The results found that 80% of the birds’ time was spent resting on perches while 15.5% was dedicated to foraging, essentially just visiting flowers. Only 0.3% of time was spent hunting and drinking water while 2% accounted for territorial defense.[12]
Vocal Behavior
The call of the amazilia hummingbird usually is identified with a series of 4-10 “tsip” or “zrrt” noises. The 4-10 chirps usually descend from high to low in a series of repeated intervals. There can be a stuttering rattle in the call, but the descending pattern is consistent.[3]
Diet
Its diet consists of small insects, spiders, and nectar of flowering Erythrina, Psittacanthus, and other flower corollas of medium length.[13] According to a study done in Lima, Peru, it spends roughly 80% of its time resting (perched on a branch). It uses another 15.5% of its time foraging, which allows for visitation to flowers and pollination (mainly to the flowers: Justicia brandegeeana and Salvia splendens). 2% of its time is dedicated to defending its territory (often against Coereba flaveola, leucippus baeri, myrmia micrura, and bananaquits). The smallest percentage, 0.3%, is dedicated to hunting and drinking water. The Amazilia hummingbird prefer nectar that is taken from flowers with high sugar contents. These flowers are often red-colored and tubular shaped. They search for and aggressively protect these areas with high energy nectar. They can lick nectar up to 13 times per second. They also feed on small insects and spiders. Females do so particularly during breeding season. A nesting female can catch up to 2,000 insects a day. Males have specific “feeding territories” where they are most frequently found defending the area from other wildlife. They do so by aggressively chasing away other males such as bumblebees and hawk moths.[11]
Breeding
It breeds year round with cup like nests only ~3 cm above the ground. Their nests usually consist of plant wool, white seed pappi, brown fibers, and cobwebs. Common sightings for the nests are in the tops of flat tree branches, but during the rainy seasons, they are more commonly found in scrubs with dense foliage. Mothers usually lay 2 white eggs at a time, weighing .5 grams. They incubate their younglings for 16–18 days, then their fledgling period is the next 17–25 days. Usually, after the bird is done with the reproduction phase, they disperse to lower elevations.[3]
Conservational Status
The Amazilia Hummingbird is not globally threatened. It is most commonly found in the Andean Valleys along the Pacific Coast. The species has a restricted range from the Southern Central Andes.[3]
Alternate/Global Names
English names: Amazilia Hummingbird, Brown-bellied Amazilia, Violet-chested Hummingbird.
Spanish names: Amazilia Costeña, Amazilia de Vientre Castaño
Italian names: Colibridi Amazili, Colibridi Amzilia
French names: Ariane de Lesson
German names: Lesson Amazilie, Lessonamazilie
[14]
References
BirdLife International (2012). "Amazilia amazilia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
Weller, André Alexander; Kirwan, Guy M.; Boesman, Peter F. D. (2021-08-18). "Amazilia Hummingbird (Amazilis amazilia)". Birds of the World.
McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016. PMID 24704078.
Stiles, F.G.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Mcguire, J.A. (2017). "The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny". Zootaxa. 4353 (3): 401–424. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3. PMID 29245495.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
Weller, André-Alexander (2000-01-01). "Biogeography, geographic variation and habitat preference in the Amazilia Hummingbird,Amazilia amazilia Lesson (Aves: Trochilidae), with notes on the status of Amazilia alticola Gould". Journal für Ornithologie. 141 (1): 93–101. doi:10.1007/BF01651776. ISSN 1439-0361. S2CID 24983244.
Krabbe, Niels (September 2009). "A new subspecies of Amazilia Hummingbird Amazilia amazilia from southern Ecuador". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
Rodríguez-Gómez, Flor; Ornelas, Juan Francisco (2018). "Genetic structuring and secondary contact in the white-chested Amazilia hummingbird species complex". Journal of Avian Biology. 49 (4): jav–01536. doi:10.1111/jav.01536. ISSN 1600-048X.
Weller, André A.; Kirwan, Guy M.; Boesman, Peter F. D. "Amazilia Hummingbird (Amazilis amazilia)". Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
"Amazilia Hummingbirds | Beauty of Birds". www.beautyofbirds.com. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
Calviño-Cancela, M. (September 1, 2006). "Revista de Biología Tropical". Doaj. Archived from the original on 2021-10-18. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
"Amazilia Hummingbird (Amazilia amazilia)". www.hbw.com. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
"Amazilia Hummingbirds | Beauty of Birds". www.beautyofbirds.com. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/"
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
