Viscum album

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Ordo: Santalales

Familia: Santalaceae
Genus: Viscum
Species: Viscum album
Subspecies: V. a. subsp. abietis – V. a. subsp. album – V. a. subsp. austriacum – V. a. subsp. coloratum – V. a. subsp. creticum – V. a. subsp. meridianum
Name

Viscum album L. (1753)
Homonyms

Viscum album Walter (1788) = Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M.C.Johnst.
Viscum album Webb (1838) = Viscum cruciatum Sieber ex Spreng.

References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 1023.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Viscum album in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service.

Vernacular names
aragonés: Vesque
العربية: دبق أبيض
azərbaycanca: Ağ öksəotu
беларуская (тарашкевіца): Амяла белая
беларуская: Амяла белая
български: Имел
català: Vesc
corsu: Vischju
kaszëbsczi: Gapié gniôzdo
čeština: jmelí bílé
Cymraeg: Uchelwydd
dansk: Almindelig Mistelten
Deutsch: Weißbeerige Mistel
dolnoserbski: Listowa jemjelica
Ελληνικά: Ιξός
English: Mistletoe
Esperanto: Blanka visko
español: Muérdago blanco
euskara: Mihura
فارسی: داروش اروپایی
suomi: Misteli
français: Gui
Frysk: Mistel
galego: Visgo
hornjoserbsce: Lišćowcowy jemjel
magyar: fehér fagyöngy
հայերեն: ճագում սպիտակ
italiano: Vischio
日本語: ヤドリギ
ქართული: თეთრი ფითრი
한국어: 겨우살이
Limburgs: Haamsjeut
lietuvių: Paprastasis amalas
latviešu: Baltais āmulis
norsk bokmål: Misteltein
Nederlands: Maretak
norsk nynorsk: Misteltein
norsk: Misteltein
polski: jemioła pospolita
português: Visco
română: Vâsc european
русский: Омела белая
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Imela
slovenčina: imelo biele
slovenščina: Bela omela
српски / srpski: Имела
svenska: Mistel
Türkçe: Ökse otu
українська: Омела біла
Tiếng Việt: Cây tầm gửi Châu Âu
中文（简体）: 槲寄生
中文（繁體）: 槲寄生
中文（台灣）: 槲寄生
中文: 槲寄生

Viscum album is a species of mistletoe in the family Santalaceae, commonly known as European mistletoe, common mistletoe or simply as mistletoe (Old English mistle).[1] It is native to Europe and western and southern Asia.[2]

Viscum album is a hemiparasite on several species of trees, from which it draws water and nutrients. It has a significant role in European mythology, legends, and customs. In modern times, it is commonly featured in Christmas decoration and symbology. (V. album is found only rarely in North America, as an introduced species; its cultural roles are usually fulfilled by the similar native species Phoradendron leucarpum.)

Description

It is a hemi-parasitic evergreen shrub, which grows on the stems of other trees. It has stems 30–100 centimetres (12–39 in) long with dichotomous branching. The leaves are in opposite pairs, strap-shaped, entire, leathery textured, 2–8 centimetres (0.79–3.15 in) long, 0.8–2.5 centimetres (0.31–0.98 in) broad and are a yellowish-green in colour. This species is dioecious and the insect-pollinated flowers are inconspicuous, yellowish-green, 2–3 millimetres (0.079–0.118 in) diameter. The fruit is a white or yellow berry containing one (very rarely several) seed embedded in the very sticky, glutinous fruit pulp.

It is commonly found in the crowns of broad-leaved trees, particularly apple, lime (linden), hawthorn and poplar.[3]
Classification

The mistletoe was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus. Its species name is the Latin adjective albus "white". It and the other members of the genus Viscum were originally classified in the mistletoe family Viscaceae, but this family has since been sunk into the larger family Santalaceae.
Subspecies

Several subspecies are commonly accepted.[4][5][6][7] They differ in fruit colour, leaf shape and size, and most obviously in the host trees utilised.

Viscum album subsp. abietis (Wiesb.) Abromeit. Central Europe. Fruit white; leaves up to 8 centimetres (3.1 in). On Abies.
Viscum album subsp. album. Europe, southwest Asia east to Nepal. Fruit white; leaves 3–5 centimetres (1.2–2.0 in). On Malus, Populus, Tilia, and less often on numerous other species, including (rarely) Quercus.
Viscum album subsp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollmann. Fruit yellow; leaves 2–4 centimetres (0.79–1.57 in). Central Europe. On Larix, Pinus, Picea.
Viscum album subsp. meridianum (Danser) D.G.Long. Southeast Asia. Fruit yellow; leaves 3–5 centimetres (1.2–2.0 in). On Acer, Carpinus, Juglans, Prunus, Sorbus.
Viscum album subsp. creticum has recently been described from eastern Crete.[8] Fruit white; leaves short. On Pinus brutia.
Viscum album subsp. coloratum Kom. is treated by the Flora of China[5] as a distinct species Viscum coloratum (Kom) Nakai.

Toxicity

European mistletoe is potentially fatal, in a concentrated form, and people can become seriously ill from eating the berries.[9]

The toxic lectin viscumin has been isolated from Viscum album.[10] Viscumin is a cytotoxic protein (ribosome inactivating protein, or RIP) that binds to galactose residues of cell surface glycoproteins and may be internalised by endocytosis.[11] Viscumin strongly inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating the 60 S ribosomal subunit. The structure of this protein is very similar to other RIPs, showing the most resemblance to ricin and abrin.[10][11]

Some birds have immunity to the poison and enjoy the berries, especially the mistle thrush which is named for its favourite food.
Culture, folklore and mythology

European mistletoe has always attracted popular interest and has been surrounded by a number of myths and legends. In cultures across pre-Christian Europe, mistletoe was seen as a representation of divine male essence (and thus romance, fertility and vitality). It still plays a role in the folklore of some countries.
Celtic world

According to Pliny the Elder, the Celts considered it a remedy for barrenness in animals and an antidote to poison, and sacred when growing on oak trees (where it is rare). He describes a Celtic ritual sacrifice and banquet at which a druid dressed in white would climb an oak tree to collect mistletoe using a golden sickle.[12] (This legend is often referred to in the popular Asterix comic books, where the druid Getafix is often seen collecting mistletoe with a sickle.)

Modern druids in the Americas may use the native American Phoradendron leucarpum as well as other mistletoe species.[13]
Scandinavia
Each arrow overshot his head (1902) by Elmer Boyd Smith, depicting the blind god Höðr shooting his brother, the god Baldr, with a mistletoe arrow

According to the 13th century Prose Edda, the goddess Frigg had all living and inanimate things swear an oath not to hurt her son Baldr. At a gathering, other gods tested the oath by hurling stones, arrows and fire at him, all in vain. But Frigg had not demanded the oath from mistletoe, because "it seemed too young" for that.[14] By a scheming of Loki, Baldr's brother, the blind god Höðr made an arrow from mistletoe and killed Baldr with it.

In the Gesta Danorum version of the story, Baldr and Höðr are rival suitors, and Höðr kills Baldr with a sword named Mistilteinn (Old Norse "mistletoe"). In addition, a sword by the same name appears in various other Norse legends.
Ancient Greece and Rome

Mistletoe figured prominently in Greek mythology, and is believed to be the Golden Bough of Aeneas, ancestor of the Romans.[15] Also in Greek mythology mistletoe was used by heroes to access the underworld.[16] The Romans associated mistletoe with peace, love and understanding and hung it over doorways to protect the household.[17]
Christianity
Mistletoe postcard, circa 1900

When Christianity became widespread in Europe after the 3rd century AD, the religious or mystical respect for the mistletoe plant was integrated to an extent into the new religion. In some way that is not presently understood, this may have led to the widespread custom of kissing under the mistletoe plant during the Christmas season. The earliest documented case of kissing under the mistletoe dates from 16th century England, a custom that was apparently very popular at that time.

Winston Graham reports a Cornish tradition that mistletoe was originally a fine tree from which the wood of the Cross was made, but afterwards it was condemned to live on only as a parasite.[18]

Mistletoe is commonly used as a Christmas decoration, though such use was rarely alluded to until the 18th century.[19] According to custom, the mistletoe must not touch the ground between its cutting and its removal as the last of Christmas greens at Candlemas. It may remain hanging throughout the year, often to preserve the house from lightning or fire, until it is replaced the following Christmas Eve.[20][21] The tradition has spread throughout the English-speaking world, but is largely unknown in the rest of Europe. (The similar native species Phoradendron leucarpum is used in North America in lieu of the European Viscum album.)

According to an old Christmas custom, a man and a woman who meet under a hanging of mistletoe were obliged to kiss. The custom may be of Scandinavian origin.[22] It was alluded to as common practice in 1808[23] and described in 1820 by American author Washington Irving in his The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.:

The mistletoe is still hung up in farm-houses and kitchens at Christmas, and the young men have the privilege of kissing the girls under it, plucking each time a berry from the bush. When the berries are all plucked the privilege ceases.[24]

In Germany, the Christmas tradition is that people who kiss under mistletoe will have an enduring love or are bound to marry one another.[25]
Local symbol

Every year, the UK town of Tenbury Wells holds a mistletoe festival and crowns a 'Mistletoe Queen'.[17]

Mistletoe is the county flower of Herefordshire. It was voted such in 2002 following a poll by the wild plant conservation charity Plantlife.[26]
Uses
Flavoring

Mistletoe is an ingredient of pomace brandy based liquor biska made in Istra, Croatia.[27]
Alternative medicine
Further information: Anthroposophic medicine § Mistletoe treatment for cancer

Mistletoe leaves and young twigs are used by herbalists, and preparations made from them are popular in Europe, especially in Germany, for attempting to treat circulatory and respiratory system problems.[28][29][30] Use of mistletoe extract in the treatment of cancer originated with Rudolf Steiner, the founder of Anthroposophy.

Although laboratory and animal experiments have suggested that mistletoe extract may affect the immune system and be able to kill some kinds of cancer cells, there is little evidence of its benefit to people with cancer.[31][32]
Bird trapping

The sticky juice of mistletoe berries was used to make birdlime, an adhesive to trap small animals or birds.[33]

The Latin word viscum, 'mistletoe, birdlime' is the source of viscous.[34]

See also

Christmas decoration
List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments

References

D. Zuber (2004). Biological flora of Central Europe: Viscum album L. Flora 199, 181-203
O'Neill, A. R.; Rana, S. K. (2019). "An ethnobotanical analysis of parasitic plants (Parijibi) in the Nepal Himalaya". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 12 (14): 14. doi:10.1186/s13002-016-0086-y. PMC 4765049. PMID 26912113.
Tree News, Spring/Summer 2005, Publisher Felix Press Archived October 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
Flora Europaea: Viscum album
Flora of China: Viscum album Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
Bean, W. J. (1980). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles 8th ed. 4: 725-726. ISBN 0-7195-2428-8
Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). The Illustrated Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-40170-2.
Böhling, N., Greuter, W., Raus, T., Snogerup, B., Snogerup, S. & Zuber, D. (2003). Notes on the Cretan mistletoe, Viscum album subsp. creticum subsp. nova (Loranthaceae/Viscaceae). Israel J. Pl. Sci. 50 (Suppl.): 77-84.
Poison Control
Olsnes S, Stirpe F, Sandvig K, Pihl A (November 1982). "Isolation and characterization of viscumin, a toxic lectin from Viscum album L. (mistletoe)". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 257 (22): 13263–70. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)33440-9. PMID 7142144. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
Stirpe F, Sandvig K, Olsnes S, Pihl A (November 1982). "Action of viscumin, a toxic lectin from mistletoe, on cells in culture". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 257 (22): 13271–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)33441-0. PMID 7142145. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
Pliny the Elder. Natural History. Book XVI.
Taylor, Pat & Tony, The Henge of Keltria Book of Ritual, 4th ed. 1997"
Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995). Edda, pages 48–49. Everyman. ISBN 0-460-87616-3
Virgil (19 BCE) The Aeneid
The Woodland Trust - Mistletoe: meaning, mythology and magic
BBC News - Tenbury Wells: Centuries-old romance with mistletoe
Graham, Winston (2002). Bella Poldark. Macmillan. Chapter 6.
Susan Drury, "Customs and Beliefs Associated with Christmas Evergreens: A Preliminary Survey" Folklore 98.2 (1987:194–199) p. 194.
Drury 1987.
Sydney J. Tanner. There’s more to mistletoe than just a kiss prompter. Chippewa.com. December 10, 2009
E. Cobham Brewer, Dictionary of Phrase and Fable 1898, s.v. "Kissing under the mistletoe" relates the custom to the death of Baldr, without authority.
In a newspaper advertisement for shaving products:'THE KISS UNDER THE MISSELTOE. Under the misseltoe the maid was led/Altho' she cried, No, she held up her head/To obtain a kiss: a sigh was heard./The reason why - Tom rubbed her with his beard' The Times (London, England), 13 October 1808; p.4
"Christmas Eve" from Washington Irving, The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent." (Rev. ed. 1852), p.254 (available on Google Books).
Zeit - Warum küsst man sich unter dem Mistelzweig?
Plantlife website County Flowers page Archived April 30, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
Rushby, Kevin (20 August 2016). "Cres, Croatia: island of ghosts and vultures". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Ernst E, Schmit K, Steuer-Vogt MK. Mistletoe for cancer? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Int J Cancer 2003;107:262-7, cited in BMJ 2006;333:1293–1294 (23 December)
Drug Digest Archived July 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
botanical.com – A Modern Herbal | Mistletoe Archived August 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
"Questions and Answers About Mistletoe". National Cancer Institute. 24 March 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
Horneber MA, Bueschel G, Huber R, Linde K, Rostock M (2008). "Mistletoe therapy in oncology". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Systematic review) (2): CD003297. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003297.pub2. PMC 7144832. PMID 18425885. "The review found that there was not enough evidence to reach clear conclusions about the effects on any of these outcomes and it is therefore not clear to what extent the application of mistletoe extracts translates into improved symptom control, enhanced tumour response or prolonged survival."
Thomas B. Johnson. 1848. The sportsman's cyclopaedia. 940 p. Archived January 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine

Harper, Douglas. "viscous | Origin and meaning of viscous by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 22 May 2021.