Vanda

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

Familia: Orchidaceae
Subfamilia: Epidendroideae
Tribus: Vandeae
Subtribus: Aeridinae
Genus: Vanda
Sectiones: V. sect. Ascocentropsis – V. sect. Ascocentrum – V. sect. Cristatae – V. sect. Dactylolobatae – V. sect. Deltoglossae – V. sect. Eparmatostigma – V. sect. Flabellata – V. sect. Lamellaria – V. sect. Longicalcarata – V. sect. Neofinetia – V. sect. Obtusiloba – V. sect. Testacea – V. sect. Vanda
Overview of species (84)
a–b

V. aliceae – V. alpina – V. ampullacea – V. arbuthnotiana – V. arcuata – V. aurantiaca – V. aurea – V. barnesii – V. bensonii – V. bicolor – V. bidupensis – V. brunnea
c–d

V. celebica – V. chlorosantha – V. christensoniana – V. coerulea – V. coerulescens – V. concolor – V. cootesii – V. crassiloba – V. cristata – V. curvifolia – V. dearei – V. denisoniana – V. devoogtii – V. dives
f–h

V. falcata – V. flabellata – V. foetida – V. frankieana – V. funingensis – V. furva – V. fuscoviridis – V. garayi – V. gibbsiae – V. gracilis – V. griffithii – V. hastifera – V. helvola – V. hienii – V. hindsii
i–l

V. insignis – V. insularum – V. jainii – V. javierae – V. jennae – V. lamellata – V. lilacina – V. limbata – V. lindenii – V. liouvillei – V. lombokensis – V. longitepala – V. luzonica
m–p

V. malipoensis – V. mariae – V. merrillii – V. metusalae – V. mindanaoensis – V. miniata – V. motesiana – V. nana – V. perplexa – V. petersiana – V. pumila – V. punctata
r–t

V. richardsiana – V. roeblingiana – V. rubra – V. sanderiana – V. saxatilis – V. scandens – V. stangeana – V. subconcolor – V. sumatrana – V. tessellata – V. testacea – V. thwaitesii – V. tricolor
u–x

V. ustii – V. vietnamica – V. vipanii – V. wightii – V. xichangensis

Nothospecies: (9)

V. × amoena – V. × boumaniae – V. × charlesworthii – V. × confusa – V. × feliciae – V. × hebraica – V. × leucostele – V. × loii – V. × wuii
Name

Vanda Jones ex R.Br., Bot. Reg., 6, ad pl. 506 (1820).

Type species: Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G.Don (1830) ex Vanda roxburghii R.Br., Bot. Reg. 6: t. 506 (1820).

Synonymy

Heterotypic
Ascocentrum Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 1: 975 (1913).
Euanthe Schltr., Die Orchideen: 567 (1914).
Finetia Schltr., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36(2): 140 (1918), nom. illeg.
Neofinetia Hu, Rhodora 27: 107 (1925).
Nipponorchis Masam., Mem. Fac. Sci. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 11(4): 592 (1934), nom. illeg.
Eparmatostigma Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 23: 178 (1972).
Trudelia Garay, Orchid Digest 50: 73 (1986).
× Trudelianda Garay, Orchid Digest 50: 76 (1986).
Christensonia Haager, Orchid Digest 57: 40 (1993).
Ascocentropsis Senghas & Schildh., J. Orchideenfr. 7: 289 (2000).
Gunnaria S.C.Chen ex Z.J.Liu & L.J.Chen, J. Syst. Evol. 47: 602 (2009).

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Asia-Temperate
China
China South-Central, Hainan, China North-Central, China Southeast, Tibet.
Eastern Asia
Japan, Korea, Nansei-shoto, Taiwan.
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, West Himalaya.
Indo-China
Andaman Islands, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.
Malesia
Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Maluku, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatera.
Papuasia
Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea, Solomon Islands.
Australasia
Australia
Queensland.
Pacific
Northwestern Pacific
Marianas.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition

References
Primary references

Brown, R. 1820. Botanical Register, 6. t. 506.
Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F.N. (eds.) 2014. Genera Orchidacearum Volume 6: Epidendroideae (Part three); page 317 ff., Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19964-651-7

Additional references

Dalström, S., Gurung, D.B., Gyeltshen, C. & Gyeltshen, N. 2015. Orchids of Bhutan. The Genus Vanda. Orchids, the Bulletin of the American Orchid Society 84: 34–39. ResearchGate.
Motes, M.R. 2016. The genus Vanda (Orchidaceae: Aeridinae) in the Philippines: two new species and a key to the species in the archipelago. Lankesteriana 16(3): 335–343. DOI: 10.15517/LANK.V16I3.27098.
Motes, M.R., Gardiner, L.M. & Roberts, D.L. 2015. Vanda section Dactylolobatae: a summary, two new species and a key to identification. Orchid Review 79(2): 98–104, ResearchGate.
Gardiner, L.M. 2012. New combinations in the genus Vanda (Orchidaceae). Phytotaxa 61: 47–54. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.61.1.4 Paywall ResearchGate PDF Reference page.
Roberts, D.L., Gardiner, L.M. & Motes, M.R. 2007. Vanda flavobrunnea, a new name for V. pumila, and two other enigmatic species of Vanda. Orchid Review 115: 316–319, ResearchGate.
Hu, H.H. 1925. NOMENCLATORIAL CHANGES FOR SOME CHINESE ORCHIDS. Rhodora 27(318): 105–107. pdf!

Links

'eFloras 2009. Vanda in Flora of China vol. 25 Orchidaceae --> pdf Vanda
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2020. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset. Taxon: Vanda. Accessed: 2020 Nov 29.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Vanda in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 Nov 29. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Vanda in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jul 03. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2020. Vanda. Published online. Accessed: 29 Nov 2020.
The Plant List 2013. Vanda in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 Nov 29.
Tropicos.org 2020. Vanda. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 Nov 29.

Vernacular names

العربية: فاندا
български: Ванда
Deutsch: Vandeen
suomi: Vandat
हिन्दी: वांडा
日本語: ヒスイラン属
перем коми: Ванда
коми: Ванда
മലയാളം: മരവാഴ
кырык мары: Ванда
polski: Wanda
پنجابی: وانڈا
русский: Ванда
svenska: Vandasläktet
ไทย: แวนด้า
удмурт: Ванда
українська: Ванда
中文: 萬代蘭屬

Vanda, abbreviated in the horticultural trade as V.,[2] is a genus in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. There are about 80 species, and the genus is commonly cultivated for the marketplace. This genus and its allies are considered to be among the most specifically adapted of all orchids within the Orchidaceae. The genus is highly prized in horticulture for its showy, fragrant, long-lasting, and intensely colorful flowers.[3] Vanda species are widespread across East Asia, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea, with a few species extending into Queensland and some of the islands of the western Pacific.[1][4]

Biology

The name "Vanda" is derived from the Sanskrit (वन्दाका)[5] name for the species Vanda roxburghii (a synonym of Vanda tessellata).[6][7]

These mostly epiphytic, but sometimes lithophytic or terrestrial orchids, are distributed in India, Himalaya, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea, southern China, and northern Australia.

The genus has a monopodial growth habit with highly variable leaves according to habitat. Some have flat, typically broad, ovoid leaves (strap-leaves), while others have cylindrical (terete), fleshy leaves and are adapted to dry periods. The stems of these orchids vary considerably in size; some are miniature plants and some have a length of several meters. The plants can become quite massive in habitat and in cultivation, and epiphytic species possess very large, rambling aerial root systems.

The few to many flattened flowers grow on a lateral inflorescence. Most show a yellow-brown color with brown markings, but they also appear in white, green, orange, red, and burgundy shades. The lip has a small spur. Vanda species usually bloom every few months and the flowers last for two to three weeks.

Many Vanda orchids (especially V. coerulea) are endangered, and have never been common because they are usually only infrequently encountered in habitat and grow only in disturbed forest areas with high light levels, and are severely threatened and vulnerable to habitat destruction.[3] The export of wild-collected specimens of the blue orchid (V. coerulea) and other wild Vanda species is prohibited worldwide, as all orchids are listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.

Cultivation

This genus is one of the five most horticulturally important orchid genera, because it has some of the most magnificent flowers to be found in the orchid family. This has contributed much to the work of hybridists producing flowers for the cut flower market. V. coerulea is one of the few botanical orchids which can produce varieties with blue flowers (actually a very bluish purple), a property much appreciated for producing interspecific and intergeneric hybrids.

The color blue is rare among orchids, and only Thelymitra crinita, a terrestrial species from Australia, produces flowers that are truly "blue" among the orchids, the other being Aganisia cyanea, a lowland species from northern South America that is difficult to cultivate, but has metallic blue flowers. Both of these species, much like Vanda, also have a bluish-purple tint towards the inner petals of the flowers.

Vanda dearei is one of the chief sources of yellow color in Vanda hybrids. Papilionanthe Miss Joaquim, a terrestrial Vanda variety and natural hybrid with terete (cylindrical) leaves, now recognized as a Papilionanthe hybrid between Ple. teres and Ple. hookeriana, is the national flower of Singapore.

The plants do not possess pseudobulbs, but do possess leathery, drought-resistant leaves. Almost all of the species in this genus are very large epiphytes found in disturbed areas in habitat and prefer very high light levels, the plants having large root systems. Some of these species have a monopodial vine-like growth habit, and the plants can quickly become quite massive.

These plants prefer consistent conditions day-to-day in cultivation to avoid dropping their bottom leaves. The epiphytic species are best accommodated in large wooden baskets, bare rooted, which allows for the large aerial root systems. Disturbing or damaging the roots of large, mature vandaceous orchid plants, and in particular, Vanda and Aerides species, can result in the plants failing to flower and going into decline for a season or more. These plants do not tolerate disturbance or damage of their root systems in cultivation when they become mature. The terete-leaved terrestrial species are very easy to cultivate.

When grown bare-rooted, the epiphytic species require daily watering and weekly feeding and are very heavy feeders in cultivation. They can be grown out-of-doors in Hawaii and the like provided they are given some shade.
Systematics

In a recent molecular study of the genus Vanda ,[8] several Genera including the former Genus Ascocentrum, Neofinetia and Euanthe were brought into synonym with Vanda,[9][10]
Species

The following is a list of Vanda species recognised by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families as at January 2019:[11]
Vanda ampullacea
Vanda Robert's Delight
Vanda tricolor
Vanda falcata
Vanda hindsii by Lewis Roberts
Vanda lamellata
Photo of small orchid Vanda garayi in bloom, isolated on a black background.
Vanda garayi

Vanda aliceae
Vanda alpina (Himalaya to China - S. Yunnan)
Vanda × amoena
Vanda ampullacea
Vanda arbuthnotiana (India)
Vanda arcuata (Indonesia - Sulawesi)
Vanda aurantiaca
Vanda aurantiaca subsp. aurantiaca
Vanda aurantiaca subsp. philippinensis
Vanda aurea
Vanda barnesii (North Luzon, Philippines)
Vanda bensonii (Assam to Thailand)
Vanda bicolor (Bhutan)
Vanda bidupensis (Vietnam)
Vanda × boumaniae
Vanda brunnea (China - Yunnan to Indo-China)
Vanda celebica (Indonesia – Sulawesi)
Vanda × charlesworthii
Vanda chlorosantha (Bhutan)
Vanda christensoniana
Vanda coerulea : "Blue Orchid" (Assam to China - S. Yunnan)
Vanda coerulescens (Arunachal Pradesh to China - S. Yunnan)
Vanda concolor (S. China to Vietnam)
Vanda × confusa
Vanda cootesii
Vanda cristata (Himalaya to China - NW. Yunnan)
Vanda curvifolia
Vanda dearei (Borneo)
Vanda denisoniana (China - Yunnan to N. Indo-China)
Vanda devoogtii (Sulawesi)
Vanda dives
Vanda falcata (Japan, China, Korea)
Vanda flabellata (Rolfe ex Downie) Christenson, 1985
Vanda foetida (S. Sumatra)
Vanda frankieana
Vanda funingensis
Vanda furva (Java, Maluku)
Vanda fuscoviridis (S. China to Vietnam)
Vanda garayi
Vanda gibbsiae
Vanda gracilis
Vanda griffithii (E. Himalaya)
Vanda hastifera (Borneo)
Vanda helvola (W. Malaysia to Philippines)
Vanda hindsii (Papuasia to N. Queensland)
Vanda insignis (Lesser Sunda Is.)
Vanda insularum
Vanda jainii (Assam)
Vanda javierae (Philippines - Luzon)
Vanda jennae P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm., 2005
Vanda lamellata (Taiwan, Philippines, Sabah)
Vanda lamellata var. boxallii
Vanda lamellata var. lamellata
Vanda lamellata var. remediosae
Vanda lilacina (China - Yunnan to Indo-China)
Vanda limbata (Java, Lesser Sunda Is., Philippines - Mindanao)
Vanda liouvillei (Assam to Indo-China)
Vanda lombokensis (Lesser Sunda Is.)
Vanda longitepala
Vanda luzonica (Philippines - Luzon)
Vanda malipoensis
Vanda mariae
Vanda merrillii (Philippines)
Vanda metusalae P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2008)
Vanda mindanoensis
Vanda miniata
Vanda motesiana
Vanda nana
Vanda perplexa
Vanda petersiana (Myanmar)
Vanda pumila (Nepal to Hainan and N. Sumatra)
Vanda punctata (Pen. Malaysia)
Vanda richardsiana
Vanda roeblingiana (Philippines - Luzon)
Vanda rubra
Vanda sanderiana
Vanda saxatilis
Vanda scandens (Borneo, Philippines - Mindanao)
Vanda semiteretifolia
Vanda stangeana (India - Arunachal Pradesh to Assam)
Vanda subconcolor (China - SW. Yunnan to Hainan)
Vanda sumatrana (Sumatra)
Vanda tessellata (Indian subcontinent to Indo-China)
Vanda testacea (Indian subcontinent to SC. China).
Vanda thwaitesii (S. India, Sri Lanka)
Vanda tricolor (Laos, Java, Bali)
Vanda tricolor var. suavis
Vanda tricolor var. tricolor
Vanda ustii (Philippines - Luzon)
Vanda vietnamica
Vanda vipanii (Myanmar)
Vanda wightii (S. India)
Vanda xichangensis

Natural hybrids

Vanda × boumaniae (V. insignis × V. limbata) (Lesser Sunda Is.)
Vanda × charlesworthii (V. bensonii × V. coerulea) (Myanmar)
Vanda × confusa (V. coerulescens × V. lilacina) (Myanmar)

Intergeneric hybrids
Vanda Pachara Delight
Vanda Robert's Delight 'Crownfox Magic'
Vanda Sansai Blue

The following is a list of hybrid genera (nothogenera) in which hybrids vandas with orchids of other genera are placed although many of these are invalid because of recent taxonomic changes. For instance, Ascocenda (Ascocentrum x Vanda) and Vandofinetia (Vanda x Neofinetia) are no longer valid because both Ascocentrum and Neofinetia have been reduced to synonyms of Vanda by RHS, which is in charge of the International Orchid Register:

Aeridovanda (Aerides × Vanda)
Aeridovanisia (Aerides × Luisia × Vanda)
Alphonsoara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda × Vandopsis)
Andrewara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
Aranda (Arachnis × Vanda)
Ascocenda (Ascocentrum × Vanda)
Ascovandoritis (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Vanda)
Bokchoonara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
Bovornara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
Burkillara (Aerides × Arachnis × Vanda)
Charlieara (Rhynchostylis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
Christieara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
Darwinara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
Debruyneara (Ascocentrum × Luisia × Vanda)
Devereuxara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
Eastonara (Ascocentrum × Gastrochilus × Vanda)
Fujiora (Ascocentrum × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
Goffara (Luisia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
Hawaiiara (Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
Hagerara (Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
Himoriara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
Holttumara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda)
Isaoara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
Joannara (Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
Kagawara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
Knappara (Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
Knudsonara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
Leeara (Arachnis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
Luisanda (Luisia × Vanda)
Luivanetia (Luisia × Neofinetia × Vanda)
Lewisara (Aerides × Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
Maccoyara (Aerides × Vanda × Vandopsis)
Macekara (Arachnis × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
Micholitzara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Vanda)
Moirara (Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
Mokara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
Nakamotoara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Vanda)
Nobleara (Aerides × Renanthera × Vanda)
Okaara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
Onoara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
Opsisanda (Vanda × Vandopsis)
Pageara (Ascocentrum × Luisia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
Pantapaara (Ascoglossum × Renanthera × Vanda)
Paulara (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
Pehara (Aerides × Arachnis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
Pereiraara (Aerides × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
Phalaerianda (Aerides × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
Raganara (Renanthera × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
Ramasamyara (Arachnis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
Renafinanda (Neofinetia × Renanthera × Vanda)
Renanda (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda)
Renantanda (Renanthera × Vanda)
Rhynchovanda (Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
Ridleyare (Arachnis × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
Robinaria (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
Ronnyara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
Sanjumeara (Aerides × Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
Sarcovanda (Sarcochilus × Vanda)
Shigeuraara (Ascocentrum × Ascoglossum × Renanthera × Vanda)
Stamariaara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
Sutingara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
Teohara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
Trevorara (Arachnis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
Trichovanda (Trichoglottis × Vanda)
Vascostylis (Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
Vandachnis (Arachnis × Vandopsis)
Vancampe (Acampe × Vanda)
Vandachostylis (Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
Vandaenopsis (Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
Vandaeranthes (Aeranthes × Vanda)
Vandewegheara (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
Vandofinetia (Neofinetia × Vanda)
Vandofinides (Aerides × Neofinetia × Vanda)
Vandoritis (Doritis × Vanda)
Vanglossum (Ascoglossum × Vanda)
Wilkinsara (Ascocentrum × Vanda × Vandopsis)
Yapara (Phalaenopsis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
Yusofara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
Yonezawaara (Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)

References

Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
"Alphabetical list of standard abbreviations of all generic names occurring in current use in orchid hybrid registration as at 31st December 2007" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society.
The Orchids, Natural History and Classification, Robert L. Dressler. ISBN 0-674-87526-5
Flora of China v 25 p 471, 万代兰属 wan dai lan shu, Vanda Jones ex R. Brown, Bot. Reg. 6: ad t. 506. 1820.
vandAkA Sanskrit English Dictionary, University of Koeln, Germany
Jones D.L.; et al. (2006). "Vanda". Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids. Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Government. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
Garay, L. (1972), On the systematics of the monopodial orchids, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard University, 23(4): 149-212
Lim, S. (1999). "RAPD Analysis of Some Species in the GenusVanda(Orchidaceae)". Annals of Botany. 83 (2): 193–196. doi:10.1006/anbo.1998.0801.
http://www.ipni.org/
http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=211529M

World Checklist of Selected Plant Families : Vanda