Tricyrtis

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Liliales

Familia: Liliaceae
Subfamilia: Calochortoideae
Genus: Tricyrtis
Sectiones: T. sect. Brachycyrtis – T. sect. Flavae – T. sect. Hirtae – T. sect. Tricyrtis
Species: T. affinis – T. chinensis – T. dilatata – T. flava – T. formosana - T. hirta – T. imeldae – T. ishiiana – T. lasiocarpa – T. latifolia – T. macrantha – T. macranthopsis – T. macropoda – T. maculata – T. nana – T. ohsumiensis – T. perfoliata – T. puberula – T. setouchiensis – T. suzukii – T. xianjuensis

Name

Tricyrtis Wall., Tent. Fl. Napal.: 61. (1826) nom. cons. over Compsoa D.Don (1825)

Typus: Tricyrtis pilosa Wall., Tent. Fl. Napal. 2: 62, t. 46. (1826) = Tricyrtis maculata J.F.Macbr., Contr. Gray Herb. 53: 5. (1918)

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Compsoa D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 50. (1825)
Compsanthus Spreng., Syst. Veg. 4(2): 137. (1827)
Brachycyrtis Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 38: 100. (1924)

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Asia-Temperate
China
China South-Central, China North-Central, China Southeast,
Eastern Asia
Japan, Korea, Nansei-shoto, Taiwan,
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
Assam, East Himalaya, Nepal,
Indo-China
Myanmar,
Malesia
Philippines.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References

Wallich, N. 1826. Tentamen Florae Napalensis Illustratae Consisting of Botanical Descriptions and Lithographic Figures of Select Nipal Plants 2: 61, t. 46.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Tricyrtis in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Dec. 2£. Reference page.
Takahashi, H. 1980. A taxonomic study on the genus Tricyrtis. Science Reports of the Faculty of Education, Gifu University (Natural Science) 6(4): 583–635.
Tricyrtis – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).

Vernacular names
български: Calochortoideae
English: Toad Lilies
suomi: Konnanliljat
français: Tricyrtis à feuilles larges
日本語: ホトトギス属
svenska: Skuggliljesläktet

Tricyrtis is a genus of Asian flowering plants in the lily family, with approximately 20 known species. The species are commonly known in English as toad lilies. The genus has a native range from the Himalayas to eastern Asia, including China,[3] Japan,[4] Philippines and Taiwan,[5] and a few species are cultivated for their ornamental qualities in other parts of the world.

Description

Tricyrtis are herbaceous perennials with creeping rhizomes. The stems are typically erect or maybe ascending, and sometimes branched from the middle to the top. The subsessile leaves are arranged alternately along the stems. The inflorescences are most commonly thyrse or thyrsoid, or rarely the flowers are arranged into a raceme. The showy, solitary flowers are bisexual. Perianth campanulate or trumpet-shaped with six free tepals arranged into two whorls: the outer whorl has nectar secreting pouches, while the inner whorl has upright tepals with dorsal crests.[6] The tepals are white or yellow with purplish spots, usually recurved or reflexed. The six stamens are inserted at base of the tepals, and the filaments are slightly flattened, forming a short tube. The anthers are dorsifixed. The three-loculed ovary have many ovules per locule. The styles are arranged into a column. The three-angled fruits are broadly cylindrical capsules and when ripe release many small, flat, ovate to orbicular shaped seeds.[3]
Taxonomy

The genus is subdivided into four sections, with about 20 species. Accepted species include:[2]

Sections	Image	Scientific name	Distribution
Brachycyrtis		Tricyrtis ishiiana (Kitag. & T.Koyama) Ohwi & Okuyama	Honshu Island in Japan
		Tricyrtis macrantha Maxim.	Shikoku Island in Japan
		Tricyrtis macranthopsis Masam.	Kii Peninsula in Japan
Flavae		Tricyrtis flava Maxim	Kyushu Island in Japan
		Tricyrtis nana Yatabe	Japan
		Tricyrtis ohsumiensis Masam.[7]	Kyushu Island in Japan
		Tricyrtis perfoliata Masam.[7]	Kyushu Island in Japan
Hirtae		Tricyrtis formosana Baker	Taiwan, Nansei-shoto (Ryukyu Islands)
		Tricyrtis hirta (Thunb.) Hook.	Japan
		Tricyrtis lasiocarpa Matsum.	Taiwan
Tricyrtis		Tricyrtis affinis Makino	Japan
		Tricyrtis chinensis Hiroshi Takahashi	China
		Tricyrtis dilatata Nakai	South Korea
		Tricyrtis imeldae Guthnick	Mindanao Island in Philippines
		Tricyrtis latifolia Maxim.	Japan
		Tricyrtis macropoda Miq.	Japan
		Tricyrtis maculata (D.Don) J.F.Macbr.	Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Myanmar, China
		Tricyrtis puberula Nakai & Kitag.	China
		Tricyrtis setouchiensis Hir.Takah.	Honshu + Shikoku Islands in Japan
		Tricyrtis suzukii Masam.	Taiwan

Cultivation

Tricyrtis species are perennial herbaceous plants that grow at the edge of forests. They prefer shade or part shade and rich, moist soil. Toad lilies bloom in summer to fall. They are hardy enough to handle sudden changes of winter from mild to blustery cold.[8]
See also

List of plants known as lily

References

Wallich 1824–1826, p. 61.
Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
"Tricyrtis Wallich". Flora of China.
Maki, Masayuki; Morita, Hiroko; Oiki, Syuji; Takahashi, Hiroshi (1999). "The Effect of Geographic Range and Dichogamy on Genetic Variability and Population Genetic Structure in Tricyrtis Section Flavae (Liliaceae)". American Journal of Botany. Botanical Society of America. 86 (2): 287–292. doi:10.2307/2656945. JSTOR 2656945. PMID 21680367.
George Schmid, W. (2002). An encyclopedia of shade perennials. Portland, Or.: Timber Press. p. 312. ISBN 0-88192-549-7.
Ronse De Craene (2010-02-04). Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution. Cambridge University Press. pp. 105–. ISBN 978-1-139-48455-8.
Masayuki Maki, Hiroko Morita, Syuji Oiki and Hiroshi Takahashi. 1999. The effect of geographic range and dichogamy on genetic variability and population genetic structure in Tricyrtis section Flavae (Liliaceae). Am J. Bot. 86: 287-292.

Cox, Jeff (1998 by Rodale Press) Perennial All-Stars: The 150 Best Perennials for Great-Looking, Trouble-Free Gardens, pg. 305

Bibliography

Wallich, Nathaniel (1824–1826). Tentamen Florae Napalensis Illustratae. Calcutta: Asiatic Lithographic Press. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
Pink, A. (2004). Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. ISBN 1-4264-5707-3.
Diversity of Life: Tricyrtis[permanent dead link] - retrieved 6 June 2006
Kim, Jung Sung; Hong, Jeong-Ki; Chase, Mark W.; Fay, Michael F.; Kim, Joo-Hwan (May 2013). "Familial relationships of the monocot order Liliales based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis using four plastid loci: matK, rbcL, atpB and atpF-H". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 172 (1): 5–21. doi:10.1111/boj.12039.
Kono, Yoshiko; Peng, Ching - I; Chao, Chien - Ti; Oginuma, Kazuo (2015). "Karyomorphological study of Taiwanese Tricyrtis (Liliaceae) and the taxonomic implication". Chromosome Botany. 10 (2): 61–66. doi:10.3199/iscb.10.61.
Wan Pyo Hong, Sophia; L. Jury, Stephen (9 July 2012). "Phylogeny and Molecular Evolution of Tricyrtis (Liliaceae s.l.) Inferred from Plastid DNA matK Spacer Nucleotide Sequences". Journal of Plant Studies. 1 (2). doi:10.5539/jps.v1n2p1. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
Hong, S. W.-P.; Jury, S. L. (7 September 2011). "Phylogeny and divergence times inferred from rps16 sequence data analyses for Tricyrtis (Liliaceae), an endemic genus of north-east Asia". AoB Plants. 2011: plr025. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plr025. PMC 3186281. PMID 22476495.
Wan Pyo Hong, Sophia; L. Jury, Stephen (9 July 2012). "Phylogeny and Molecular Evolution of Tricyrtis (Liliaceae s.l.) Inferred from Plastid DNA matK Spacer Nucleotide Sequences". Journal of Plant Studies. 1 (2). doi:10.5539/jps.v1n2p1.