Tofieldiaceae

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Alismatales

Familia: Tofieldiaceae
Genera: Harperocallis – Pleea – Tofieldia – Triantha
Name

Tofieldiaceae Takht. Bot. Žhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 17(12): 65. (1995)

Type genus: Tofieldia Huds. , Fl. Angl., ed. 2: 157 (1778)

References

Takhtajan, A.L. (1995) Botaničeskij Žhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 17(12): 65.
Emonocot.org 2013. Tofieldiaceae in The Orders and Families of Monocotyledons. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2013 Sept. 16.
Tropicos.org 2013. Tofieldiaceae. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2013 Sept. 16.
International Plant Names Index. 2013. Tofieldiaceae. Published online. Accessed: 16 Sept. 2013.
Lohmüller, F.A. (2005) The Botanical System of the Plants [1]

Vernacular names
中文: 岩菖蒲科

Tofieldiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the monocot order Alismatales.[2] The family is divided into four genera, which together comprise 28 known species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 [3]). They are small, herbaceous plants, mostly of arctic and subarctic regions, but a few extend further south, and one genus is endemic to northern South America and Florida. Tofieldia pusilla is sometimes grown as an ornamental.[4]

William Hudson (1730-1793) named Tofieldia for the British botanist Thomas Tofield (1730–1779).[5] The family Tofieldiaceae was erected by Armen Takhtajan in 1995.[6] Molecular phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences have shown it to be the second diverging clade in Alismatales, after the most basal clade, the family Araceae.[7] Before the segregation of Tofieldiaceae was confirmed by cladistic methods, its genera had usually been assigned to Nartheciaceae,[8] Liliaceae,[9] or Melanthiaceae. Tofieldiaceae is recognized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group in their APG III system of plant classification.

The circumscription of genera in Tofieldiaceae has been controversial. Many authors do not recognize Triantha as a separate genus from Tofieldia.[8][10][11] A few authors have sunk other genera into Tofieldia as well.[12] A phylogenetic analysis, based on two nuclear genes and ten chloroplast genes, has confirmed that all five of the genera are monophyletic and that Triantha and Tofieldia are close sister taxa.[13]

Description

Small herbaceous perennials. Leaves equitant (distichous and overlapping), isobifacial. Inflorescence a raceme. Calyculus present. Tepals free. Fruit a capsule, usually septicidal.
Genera

Harperocallis McDaniel
Pleea Michx.
Tofieldia Huds.
Triantha (Nutt.) Baker

Phylogeny

The following phylogenetic tree is based on a DNA paper that was published in 2011,[13] modified to accommodate the transfer of the species in Isidrogalvia to Harperocallis.
Tofieldiaceae
 

Tofieldiaceae	Pleea       Harperocallis       Triantha     Tofieldia

 
References

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-25. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4.
Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).
Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names volume IV. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, USA. London, UK. ISBN 978-0-8493-2673-8 (set). (see External links below).
Tofieldiaceae. At: International Plant Names Index. (see External links below).
Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Tofieldiaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below)
Minoru N. Tamura. 1998. "Nartheciaceae" pages ??. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas Stützel (volume editors). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8 (vol. III).
Frederick H. Utech, Loran C. Anderson, and John C. Packer. 2002. pages 5-6. In: "Liliaceae". pages ??. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America vol. 26. Oxford University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-19-513729-3 (vol. 22). (see External links below).
David J. Mabberley. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4
Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). Flowering Plants second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-9608-2.
Wendy B. Zomlefer. 1997. "The genera of Tofieldiaceae in the southeastern United States". Harvard Papers in Botany. 2:179-194.
Hiroshi Azuma and Hiroshi Tobe. 2011. "Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Tofieldiaceae (Alismatales): family circumscription and intergeneric relationships". Journal of Plant Research 124(3):349-357. doi:10.1007/s10265-010-0387-5