Suaeda

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Ordo: Caryophyllales

Familia: Amaranthaceae s.l.
Cladus: Chenopodiaceae s.str.
Subfamilia: Suaedoideae
Tribus: Suaedeae
Genus: Suaeda
Subgenera: S. subg. Brezia – S. subg. Suaeda
Name

Suaeda Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel., Onomat. Bot. Compl. 8: 797. (1776); nom. et type cons.

prev. Suaeda Forssk., Fl. Aeg.-Arab. 69, (1775), nom. inval.

Type: Suaeda vera Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel.

Synonyms

Alexandra Bunge, Linnaea 17: 120. (1843)
Type: Alexandra lehmannii Bunge
Belowia Moq., Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(2): 168. (1849), orth. var. "Belovia"
Type: Belowia baccifera Moq.
Borsczowia Bunge (orth. var. Borszczowia), Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 5: 643. (1877)
Type: Borsczowia aralocaspica Bunge
Brezia Moq., Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(2): 47, 167. (1849)
Type: Brezia heterophylla (Kar. & Kir.) Moq.
Calvelia Moq., Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(2): 47, 167. (1849)
Type: Calvelia pterantha (Kar. & Kir.) Moq.
Chenopodina (Moq.) Moq., Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(2): 47, 159. (1849) nom. superfl.
Type: Suaeda sect. Chenopodina Moq.
Cochliospermum Lag., Mem. Pl. Barrill. 55. (1817)
Type: not designated
Dondia Adans., Fam. Pl. (Adanson) 2: 261, 550. (1763), nom. superfl.
Helicilla Moq., Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(2): 47, 169. (1849)
Type: Helicilla altissima Moq.
Lerchia Haller ex Zinn, Cat. Pl. Gott. 30. (1757), nom. rejic. versus Lerchea L., replaced by Dondia Adans.
Lerchea Haller ex Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 549. 1891. (orth. var. of Lerchia Haller ex Zinn)
Pterocalyx Schrenk, Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 1: 361. (1843)
Type: Pterocalyx strictissimus Schrenk
Schanginia C.A.Mey., in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 1: 394. (1829)
Type: Schanginia linifolia (Pall.) C.A.Mey.
Schoberia C.A.Mey., in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 1: 395. / Ledeb. Icones Plantarum 1: 11. (1829)
Lectotype (designated by Schenk & Ferren 2001, Taxon 50: 864.): Schoberia acuminata C.A.Mey.
Trikalis Raf., Fl. Tellur. 3: 47. (1837)
Type: Trikalis triflora Raf., nom. illeg. superfl.

Overview of species

Species: S. acuminata – S. aegyptiaca – S. albescens – S. altissima – S. anatolica – S. aralocaspica – S. arbusculoides – S. arctica – S. arcuata – S. argentinensis – S. arguinensis – S. articulata – S. asphaltica – S. australis – S. caespitosa – S. calceoliformis – S. californica – S. carnosissima – S. cochlearifolia – S. conferta – S. confusa – S. corniculata – S. crassifolia – S. cucullata – S. dendroides – S. densiflora – S. divaricata – S. edulis – S. eltonica – S. esteroa – S. foliosa – S. fruticosa – S. glauca – S. heterophylla – S. ifniensis – S. inflata – S. iranshahrii – S. jacoensis – S. japonica – S. khalijefarsica – S. kareliniana – S. kocheri – S. kossinskyi – S. kulundensis – S. laevissima – S. lehmannii – S. liaotungensis – S. linearis – S. linifolia – S. malacosperma – S. maritima – S. merxmuelleri – S. mexicana – S. micromeris – S. microphylla – S. microsperma – S. monodiana – S. monoica – S. moschata – S. multiflora – S. nesophila – S. neuquenensis – S. nigra – S. novae-zelandiae – S. nudiflora – S. occidentalis – S. olufsenii – S. palaestina – S. palmeri – S. pannonica – S. paradoxa – S. patagonica – S. paulayana – S. pelagica – S. physophora – S. plumosa – S. prostrata – S. pruinosa – S. przewalskii – S. pterantha – S. puertopenascoa – S. pulvinata – S. rolandii – S. salina – S. salsa – S. scabra – S. sibirica – S. spicata – S. splendens – S. stellatiflora – S. tampicensis – S. taxifolia – S. tschujensis – S. turkestanica – S. tuvinica – S. vera – S. vermiculata

Names in synonymy: S. aestuaria – S. africana – S. albida – S. americana – S. ampullacea – S. anonyma – S. arbuscula – S. asparagoides – S. baccata – S. baccifera – S. bacciformis – S. balansae – S. balchaschensis – S. baluchestanica – S. biebersteinia – S. bifacialis – S. brachyphylla – S. braun-blanquetii – S. brevifolia – S. catenatula – S. cavanillesiana – S. cavifolia – S. chenopodioides – S. cinerea – S. clemente – S. depressa – S. diffusa – S. drepanophylla – S. duripes – S. erecta – S. ericoides – S. feliciana – S. fernaldii – S. filiformis – S. foetida – S. fruticulosa – S. gracilis – S. helenae – S. heterocarpa – S. heteroptera – S. heterotropa – S. hirsuta – S. hortensis – S. hyssopifolia – S. inderiensis – S. indica – S. insularis – S. intermedia – S. jacquinii – S. kochii – S. laxifolia – S. leiosperma – S. lipskyi – S. littoralis – S. longifolia – S. macrocarpa – S. maris-mortui – S. maxima – S. mesopotamica – S. minima – S. minutiflora – S. mollis – S. monantha – S. moquinii – S. muricata – S. nigrescens – S. obtusifolia – S. pallasiana – S. parviflora – S. parvifolia – S. pinnatifida – S. plattensis – S. platyphylla – S. puberula – S. pygmaea – S. ramosissima – S. richii – S. rigida – S. roborowskii – S. rosmarinus – S. schimperi – S. sedifolia – S. sedoides – S. setifera – S. setigera – S. sieversiana – S. sogdiana – S. stauntonii – S. suffrutescens – S. tamariscina – S. tenuifolia – S. tomentosa – S. torreyana – S. tortuosa – S. transoxana – S. triandra – S. trigyna – S. ussuriensis – S. vesceritensis – S. villosa – S. volkensii

for Alexandra: A. lehmannii

for Belowia: B. baccifera – B. paradoxa

for Borsczowia: B. aralocaspica – B. linifolia – B. paradoxa – B. titovii

for Brezia: B. heterophylla

for Calvelia: C. pterantha

for Chenopodina: C. acuminata – C. aestuaria – C. altissima – C. anonyma – C. asphaltica – C. australis – C. baccifera – C. bacciformis – C. biebersteiniana – C. dendroides – C. depressa – C. filiformis – C. fruticulosa – C. glauca – C. heterocarpa – C. hostii – C. indica – C. leiosperma – C. linearis – C. maritima – C. microphylla – C. microsperma – C. minima – C. moquinii – C. parviflora – C. physophora – C. prostrata – C. pycnantha – C. pygmaea – C. salsa – C. sativa – C. setigera – C. spicata – C. splendens – C. tortuosa – C. vera

for Cochliospermum: C. altissimum – C. cavanillesii – C. clementei – C. fruticosum – C. hispanicum – C. salsum

for Dondia: D. altissima – D. americana – D. brevifolia – D. calceoliformis – D. californica – D. carinata – D. conferta – D. depressa – D. diffusa – D. divaricata – D. erecta – D. fernaldii – D. fruticosa – D. insularis – D. intermedia – D. linearis – D. maritima – D. mexicana – D. minutiflora – D. moquinii – D. multiflora – D. nigra – D. occidentalis – D. palmeri – D. ramosissima – D. richii – D. suffrutescens – D. tampicensis – D. taxifolia – D. torreyana – D. wilsonii

for Helicilla: H. altissima

for Lerchia: L. altissima – L. baccata – L. calceoliformis – L. conferta – L. corniculata – L. divaricata – L. fruticosa – L. heterocarpa – L. heterophylla – L. hortensis – L. linifolia – L. maritima – L. microphylla – L. microsperma – L. monoica – L. obtusifolia – L. patagonica – L. physophora – L. pterantha – L. salsa – L. vermiculata

for Pterocalyx: P. strictissimus

for Schanginia: S. aegyptiaca – S. altissima – S. arbuscula – S. baccata – S. baccifera – S. borszczowii – S. hortensis – S. inderiensis – S. linifolia – S. tribracteata – S. trigyna

for Schoberia: S. acuminata – S. altissima – S. americana – S. australis – S. baccifera – S. biebersteiniana – S. calceoliformis – S. clemente – S. corniculata – S. crassifolia – S. cycloptera – S. dendroides – S. dumortieri – S. fruticosa – S. fruticulosa – S. glauca – S. heterophylla – S. hortensis – S. indica – S. leiosperma – S. linearis – S. linifolia – S. macrocarpa – S. maritima – S. microphylla – S. microsperma – S. monoica – S. montana – S. nudiflora – S. obtusifolia – S. occidentalis – S. pallasiana – S. pannonica – S. parviflora – S. physophora – S. prostrata – S. pterantha – S. pygmaea – S. salinaria – S. salsa – S. setigera – S. spicata – S. suffruticulosa – S. tortuosa – S. transoxana – S. trigyna – S. vera

for Trikalis: T. triflora – T. trigyna

References
Primary references

Adanson, M. 1763. Familles des Plantes. II. partie. (24) + 640 pp. Paris: Vincent. BHL Reference page. : 261, 550
Bunge, A.v. 1843. Novum genus Chenopodearum. Linnaea 17: 120. BHL Reference page.
Bunge, A.v. 1877. Salsolacearum novarum in Turkestania indigenarum descriptiones. Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaničeskago Sada. (Acta Horti Petropolitani. St. Petersburg) 5,2: 642–646. BHL Reference page. : 643
Forsskål, P. (†). 1775. Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica. Sive descriptiones plantarum, quas per Aegyptum inferiorem et Arabiam felicem detexit, illustravit Petrus Forskål. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Ex officina Mölleri, Hauniae [Copenhagen]. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.41 BHL Reference page. : 69
Gmelin, J.F. 1776. Onomatologia botanica completa, oder Vollständiges botanisches Wörterbuch. 8. Band. Frankfurt, Leipzig. BHL Reference page. : 797
Kuntze, O. 1891. Revisio generum plantarum vascularium omnium atque cellularium multarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum in itinere mundi collectarum. Pars II. Pp. 377–1011. Arthur Felix, Leipzig [etc.]. BHL Reference page. : 549
Lagasca y Segura, M. 1817. Memoria sobre las Plantas Barrilleras de España. Madrid: Imprenta Real. Biblioteca Digital Reference page. : 55
Ledebour, C.F.v., with Meyer, C.A.v. & Bunge, A.v. 1829. Flora Altaica. Tomus 1. Classis I.–V. 440 pp. G. Reimeri, Berolini. BHL Reference page. : 394, 395
Ledebour, C.F.v. 1829–1830. Icones plantarum novarum vel imperfecte cognitarum floram Rossicam, imprimis Altaicam, illustrantes Vol. 1–2. Rigae: apud I. Deubner. 200 pl. BHL Reference page. : 11
Moquin-Tandon, A. 1849. Salsolaceae. In: De Candolle, A.P. (ed.): Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13(2): 41–219. Masson, Paris. BHL Reference page. : 159, 167, 168, 169
Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C.S. 1837 ["1836"]. Flora Telluriana. Pars Tertia. 100 pp. Philadelphia, H. Probasco. BHL Reference page. : 47
Schrenk, A.G.v. 1843. Chenopodiaceae staticesque novae vel nondum descriptae, quas in itinere ad fluvium Tschu versus legit Alexander Schrenk. Bulletin de la Classe Physico-Mathématique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 1: 360–362. BHL Reference page. : 361
Zinn, J.G. 1757. Catalogus plantarum Horti Academici et agri Gottingensis. 441 pp., Gottingae, Vandenhoeck: Hathitrust. Reference page. : 30

Additional references

Kapralov, M.V., Akhani, H., Voznesenskaya, E.V., Edwards, G., Franceschi, V. & Roalson, E.H. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships in the Salicornioideae / Suaedoideae / Salsoloideae s.l. (Chenopodiaceae) clade and a clarification of the phylogenetic position of Bienertia and Alexandra using multiple DNA sequence datasets. Systematic Botany 31(3): 571–585. DOI: 10.1043/06-01.1 Full text PDF from ResearchGate Reference page.
Schenk, H.J. & Ferren Jr., W.R. 2001. On the Sectional Nomenclature of Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae). Taxon 50(3): 857–873. DOI: 10.2307/1223715 Reference page.

Links

Hassler, M. 2019. Suaeda. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2019. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 May 14. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2019. Suaeda. Published online. Accessed: May 14 2019.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Suaeda in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 May 14. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2019. Suaeda. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 14 May 2019.

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Soden, Salzmelden
English: Seepweeds, Seablites
suomi: Kilokit
français: Soudes
hornjoserbsce: Zolica
lietuvių: Soduotė
Nederlands: schorrekruid, schorrenkruid
polski: Sodówka
українська: Содник
中文: 碱蓬属

Suaeda is a genus of plants also known as seepweeds[1] and sea-blites. Most species are confined to saline or alkaline soil habitats, such as coastal salt-flats and tidal wetlands. Many species have thick, succulent leaves, a characteristic seen in various plant genera that thrive in salty habitats (halophile plants).

There are about 110 species in the genus Suaeda.[2]

The most common species in northwestern Europe is S. maritima. It grows along the coasts, especially in saltmarsh areas, and is known in Britain as "common sea-blite", but as "herbaceous seepweed" in the USA. It is also common along the east coast of North America from Virginia northward. One of its varieties is common in tropical Asia on the land-side edge of mangrove tidal swamps. Another variety of this polymorphic species is common in tidal zones all around Australia (Suaeda maritima var. australis is also classed as S. australis). On the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea a common Suaeda species is S. vera. This is known as "shrubby sea-blite" in English. It grows taller and forms a bush.

The name Suaeda comes from an oral (non-literary) Arabic name suaed/sawād/suēd [3] for the Suaeda vera species and it was assigned as the genus name by the 18th century taxonomist Peter Forsskål during his visit to the Red Sea area in the early 1760s.[2][4] Forsskål's book, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica, published 1775, in Latin, declares Suæda as a newly created genus name, with the name taken from an Arabic name Suæd and presents the species members of the new genus.[5]

The genus includes plants using either C3 or C4 carbon fixation. The latter pathway evolved independently three times in the genus and is now used by around 40 species. S. aralocaspica, classified in its own section Borszczowia, uses a particular type of C4 photosynthesis without the typical "Kranz" leaf anatomy.[6][7][8]
Uses

In the medieval and early post-medieval centuries it was harvested and burned, and the ashes were processed as a source for sodium carbonate for use in glass-making; see glasswort. In Mexico, some species such as Suaeda pulvinata are cooked in traditional dishes known as romeritos.
Selected species

Suaeda aegyptiaca
Suaeda aralocaspica – formerly known as Borszczowia aralocaspica
Suaeda asphaltica – Asphaltic seablite
Suaeda australis – Austral seablite
Suaeda calceoliformis – Pursh seepweed, broom seepweed, horned seablite
Suaeda californica – California seablite
Suaeda conferta – beach seepweed
Suaeda corniculata
Suaeda depressa – Alkaki seepweed
Suaeda esteroa – estuary seablite
Suaeda fruticosa
Suaeda glauca
Suaeda japonica[9]
Suaeda linearis – annual seepweed, narrow-leaf seablite
Suaeda maritima
Suaeda mexicana – Mexican seepweed
Suaeda monoica
Suaeda novae-zelandiae
Suaeda nigra – bush seepweed, romerillo
Suaeda occidentalis – western seepweed
Suaeda palaestina
Suaeda pulvinata
Suaeda rolandii – Roland's seablite
Suaeda salina
Suaeda suffrutescens – desert seepweed
Suaeda tampicensis – coastal seepweed
Suaeda taxifolia – woolly seablite
Suaeda torreyana – iodine weed
Suaeda vera
Suaeda vermiculata

References

"Suaeda". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
Ferren, Wayne R., Jr.; Jochen Schenk, H. (2003). "Suaeda". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico. 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 260, 360, 389, 390. ISBN 9780195173895.
Article Soda, by Arnald Steiger, year 1937, on pages 74-75
Entry for Suaeda in the Jepson Manual Online.
Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica pages XXXVIII, 69-71
Schütze, P.; Freitag, H.; Weising, K. (2003). "An integrated molecular and morphological study of the subfamily Suaedoideae Ulbr. (Chenopodiaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 239 (3–4): 257–286. doi:10.1007/s00606-003-0013-2. ISSN 0378-2697. S2CID 20250636.
Kapralov, M.V.; Akhani, H.; Voznesenskaya, E.V.; Edwards, G.; Franceschi, V.; Roalson, E.H. (2006). "Phylogenetic Relationships in the Salicornioideae / Suaedoideae / Salsoloideae s.l. (Chenopodiaceae) clade and a clarification of the phylogenetic position of Bienertia and Alexandra using multiple DNA sequence datasets". Systematic Botany. 31 (3): 571–585. doi:10.1600/036364406778388674. ISSN 0363-6445.
Sage, R.F. (2016). "A portrait of the C4 photosynthetic family on the 50th anniversary of its discovery: species number, evolutionary lineages, and Hall of Fame". Journal of Experimental Botany. 67 (14): 4039–4056. doi:10.1093/jxb/erw156. ISSN 0022-0957. PMID 27053721. open access

"Suaeda japonica". www.uniprot.org.

USDA Plants Profile: genus Suaeda
GRIN genus Suaeda