Ribes americanum

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Ordo: Saxifragales

Familia: Grossulariaceae
Genus: Ribes
Subgenus: Ribes subg. Ribes
Sectio: Ribes sect. Botrycarpum
Species: Ribes americanum
Name

Ribes americanum Mill., 1768
Synonyms

Coreosma americana (Mill.) Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 60 (1915)
Coreosma florida Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 2, 4: 22 (1835)
Ribes campanulatum Moench, Methodus 683, t. 6 (1795)
Ribes floridum L´Hér., Stirp. Nov. 4 (1785)
Ribes floridum var. grandiflorum Loudon, Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 2: 398 (1914)
Ribes heterotrichum Hort. ex C.Koch, Dendrol. 1: 662 (1869)
Ribes intermedium Tausch, Flora 21: 720 (1838)
Ribes missouriense hort. ex Bean, Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isles 2: 398 (1914)
Ribes nigrum var. pennsylvanicum Marshall, Arbust. Amer. 132 (1785)
Ribes pensylvanicum Lam., Encycl. (Lam.) 3(1): 49 (1789)
Ribes recurvatum Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 109-110 (1803)
Ribes schmidtianum Tausch, Flora, 21: 719 (1838)
Ribes trifidum Hort. ex C.Koch, Dendrol. 1: 662 (1869)
Ribesium campanulatum Medik., Pfl. Anat. 106
Ribesium dillenii Medik., Philos. Bot. (Medikus) 1: 120 (1789)

Homonyms

Ribes americanum Hort. ex C.Koch = Ribes rubrum L.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Northern America
Alberta, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Prince Edward I., Québec, Rhode I., Saskatchewan, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming
Introduced into:
Turkmenistan

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Miller, P. 1768. The Gardeners Dictionary: containing the best and newest methods of cultivating and improving the kitchen, fruit, flower garden, and nursery. Ed. 8, 3 volumes (without pagination), John & Francis Rivington, London. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.541 Reference page. : ed. 8: Ribes no. 4.

Additional references

Ackerfield, J. (2015). Flora of Colorado: 1-818. BRIT Press.
Allred, K.W. (2012). Flora Neomexicana, ed. 2, 1: 1-599. Range Science Herbarium, Las Cruces, New Mexico.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Ribes americanum in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Sep 24. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. Sep 24. Ribes americanum. Published online. Accessed: {{{3}}} Sep 24.
Tropicos.org 2021. Ribes americanum. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 24 Sep 2021.
Hassler, M. 2021. Ribes americanum. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Sep 24. Reference page.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Sep 24 in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 2021.

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Kanadische Johannisbeere
English: American black currant
suomi: Amerikanherukka
lietuvių: Amerikinis serbentas
polski: Porzeczka amerykańska
русский: Смородина американская
українська: Смородина американська
中文: 美洲茶藨子

Ribes americanum is a North American species of flowering plant in the gooseberry family known as wild black currant,[1][4][5][6] American black currant,[7] and eastern black currant.[8] It is widespread in much of Canada (from Alberta to Nova Scotia) and the northern United States (from New England to Washington, with additional populations in Colorado and New Mexico).[9]

Description

Ribes americanum is a shrub growing 0.5 to 1.5 meters (20-60 inches) in height. The branches are erect and bear deciduous leaves. There are no spines. The plant may form thickets.[10] The glandular leaves are up to 7–8 cm (3–3 in) long and have 3 or 5 lobes. They turn red and gold in the fall.[10][4][11]

The inflorescence is a spreading or drooping raceme of up to 15 flowers. Each flower has reflexed white or greenish sepals a few millimeters long and smaller whitish petals. The fruit is a smooth rounded black berry about a centimeter (0.4 inch) wide and edible when cooked.[4] The plant reproduces mostly by seed.[11]
Distribution and habitat

This shrub is native to the United States and Canada where grows in a variety of ecosystems. It occurs in many types of forests and in conifer bogs. In Manitoba it can be found in marshes. In the Great Lakes region it grows abundantly in sedge meadows (Carex spp.). Ribes americanum grows on plains and in mountains and sometimes in disturbed areas such as roadsides. It is also shade-tolerant, growing in the understory of closed-canopy woodlands and forests.[11]

It has also been introduced to northern China.[4][12]
Ecology

Several bee species visit the flowers: Augochlora pura, Augochlorella aurata, Ceratina calcarata, Ceratina dupla, and Ceratina strenua.[5]

This plant is an alternate host for the white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), the vector of a pine tree disease. It is sometimes eradicated in attempts to control the rust.[11]

The cluster cup rust (Puccinia caricina) forms aecia on the leaves of Ribes americanum in the spring, later developing brown blotches of pustules.[5] The telia are formed on sedges (Carex).[5]
Uses

Native Americans made pemmican from the berries,[13] which are also known for being made into jam and jelly.[11]
References

"Ribes americanum Wild Black Currant". explorer.natureserve.org. NatureServe. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
"Ribes americanum". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Gardens – via The Plant List.
"Ribes americanum". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden.
Morin, Nancy R. (2009). "Ribes americanum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 8. New York and Oxford. Retrieved January 20, 2012 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
Wilhelm, Gerould; Rericha, Laura (2017). Flora of the Chicago Region: A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis. Indiana Academy of Sciences.
Reznicek, A. A.; Voss, E. G.; Walters, B. S., eds. (February 2011). "Ribes americanum". Michigan Flora Online. University of Michigan Herbarium. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Ribes americanum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
"Ribes americanum". Go Botany. New England Wildflower Society. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
"Ribes americanum". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
"Ribes americanum" (PDF). USDA NRCS Plant Guide. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
Marshall, K. Anna (1995). "Ribes americanum". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
Lu, Lingdi; Alexander, Crinan. "Ribes americanum". Flora of China – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
Reiner, Ralph E. (1969). Introducing the Flowering Beauty of Glacier National Park and the Majestic High Rockies. Glacier Park, Inc. p. 124.