Retama

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Fabales

Familia: Fabaceae
Subfamilia: Faboideae
Tribus: Genisteae
Genus: Retama
Subgenera: R. subg. Retama – R. subg. Sphaerosparton
Species: R. dasycarpa – R. monosperma – R. raetam – R. rhodorhizoides – R. sphaerocarpa
Source(s) of checklist:

Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Retama in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jan 30. Reference page.

Name

Retama Raf. (1838) nom. cons.

Type species: R. monosperma (L.) Boiss.

Synonyms

Homotypic
Genista sect. Retama (Raf.) Taub., Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl) III. 3: 234. 1893 [1].
Lygos Adans., Fam. 2: 321, 573. 1763, nom. rej.

Heterotypic
Boelia Webb, Otia Hisp. 20. 1853.
Type species: B. sphaerocarpa (L.) Webb

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Canary Islands, Medit. to Sahara, Arabian Peninsula
Algeria, Canary Is., East Aegean Is., Egypt, Greece, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Palestine, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Sicilia, Sinai, Spain, Sudan, Tunisia, Western Sahara
Introduced into:
Argentina Northeast, Chile Central, Ecuador, Queensland, South Australia, Uruguay, Western Australia

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition

References
Primary references

Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C.S. 1838 ("1836"). Flora Telluriana. Pars 4. 135 pp., Philadelphia. BHL Reference page. : 22.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Retama in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jan 30. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Retama. Published online. Accessed: Jan 30 2021.
Tropicos.org 2021. Retama. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jan 30.
Hassler, M. 2021. Retama. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jan 30. Reference page.
Farr, E.R. & Zijlstra, G. (eds.) 1996 onwards. Retama in Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum). Accessed: 2011 Jan 06.

Retama is a genus of flowering bushes in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the broom tribe, Genisteae.[1] Retama broom bushes are found natively in North Africa, the Levant and some parts of southern Europe. Retama raetam and Retama monosperma have white flowers, while Retama sphaerocarpa has yellow flowers. It remains an open question in taxonomy whether the members of the genus Retama should be incorporated into the genus Genista (see Genisteae).

The species contain cytisine, a toxic alkaloid.

In the Spanish language the name retama is commonly used for broom bushes in general, including the genus Retama.

Taxonomy

The genus Retama was erected in 1838 by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, the genus name being derived from the Arabic name. Rafinesque noted that the genus had been included in other genera, including Spartium, Cytisus and Genista, but he regarded it as distinct.[2]

The name Lygos was once used for Retama;[3][4][5] it is now a rejected name (nomen rejiciendum) in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.[6] Michel Adanson described and classified the genus referencing to the Greek plant "lygos" and to Pedanius Dioscorides.[7] In the ancient Greek language, lygos (λύγος) was the name of the plant Vitex agnus-castus (chaste tree)[8] or willow or other plants with pliant twigs.[9] The same word (in some cases Latinized as Lygus) was used in botany and zoology for various taxonomic groups as a component of names, e.g. Lygodysodea, Lygisyum, Lygistum, Lygodesmia etc.[10][11]

Retama is traditionally placed in the tribe Genisteae, and in the subfamily Papilionoideae in the 2017 classification of the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae).
Species

The number of species in the genus and their circumscription varies. As of February 2018, Plants of the World Online, based on the African Plant Database, accepted the following species:[12]

Retama dasycarpa Coss.
Retama monosperma (L.) Boiss.
Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb & Berthel.
Retama rhodorhizoides (Webb & Berthel.) Webb & Berthel.
Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss.

R. rhodorhizoides is included in R. monosperma by some sources,[13] and has been identified as R. raetam by others.[14] When recognized as a separate species, it is restricted to the Canary Islands.[15]
Species names with uncertain taxonomic status

The status of the following species is unresolved:[16]

Retama albiflora Raf.
Retama angulata Griseb.
Retama atlantica Pomel
Retama bovei (Spach) Webb
Retama hipponensis Webb
Retama lutea Raf.
Retama microcarpa Webb
Retama parviflora (Vent.) Webb
Retama recutita Webb ex Bolle
Retama webbii Webb

Female bee (Colletes sp.) collecting nectar from a Retama raetam flower, Holot Mash'abim, Northern Negev, Israel

Cultural significance

Retama may be mentioned in the Bible, in I Kings 19:4, Psalms 120:4, and Job 30:4, under the name rotem (Heb. רוֹתֶם/רֹתֶם). According to multiple Jewish biblical commentators, Retama is used in the Bible as a symbol of slander, as, when burnt, its embers will remain hot long after they turn black.[17][18] However, this translation is contested, with other commentators translating the word as "juniper".[19][17][20]
References

Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, Van Wyk BE, Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M (2013). "Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes". S Afr J Bot. 89: 58–75. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001.
Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1838), "82. Retama", Sylva Telluriana, Philadelphia, p. 22, retrieved 2018-02-15
James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-Of-Doors and Under Glass, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 410.
European Environment Agency, Thermo-mediterranean (Lygos raetam) brush
Hanelt P. & Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (eds.), Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops, Springer Verlag, Germany, 2001, p. 924
"Lygos Adans.", Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), retrieved 2018-02-13
Adanson M. (1763) Familles des Plantes, Paris, vol. 2, pp. 321, 573. Note: In p. 573 the name is printed as “Lugos”.
Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon
Composition of scientific words: a manual of methods and a lexicon of materials for the practice of logotechnics, Brown, Roland Wilbur, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979 p. 856.
George Don, A general history of the Dichlamydeous plants, London, 1834, vol. 3, p. 483, 560.
Brown, p. 485: Lygus oblineatus (bug).
"Retama Raf.", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2018-02-15
"Retama monosperma (L.) Boiss.", The Plant List, retrieved 2018-02-15
"Retama raetam auct". African Plant Database. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
"Retama rhodorhizoides Webb & Berthel.", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2018-02-15
"The Plant List entry for Retama". The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
Redak. pp. I Kings 19:4 "Under one rotem".
Metzudat David. pp. Psalms 120:4 "With hot coals of rotem".
Rashi. pp. I Kings 19:4 "Rotem".
Ralbag. pp. I Kings 19:4 "And he sat under one rotem".