Platanthera

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

Familia: Orchidaceae
Subfamilia: Orchidoideae
Tribus: Orchideae
Subtribus: Orchidinae
Genus: Platanthera
Overview of species (140)

a

P. albomarginata – P. algeriensis – P. amabilis – P. anatina – P. angustata – P. angustilabris – P. aquilonis – P. australis – P. azorica
b

P. bakeriana – P. bhutanica – P. bifolia – P. blephariglottis – P. blumei – P. boninensis – P. borneensis – P. brevicalcarata – P. brevifolia
c

P. calceoliformis – P. calderoniae – P. carnosilabris – P. chapmanii – P. chlorantha – P. chorisiana – P. ciliaris – P. clavellata – P. colemanii – P. concinna – P. contigua – P. convallariifolia – P. cooperi – P. cristata
d

P. deflexilabella – P. densa – P. devolii – P. dilatata – P. dulongensis
e

P. elegans – P. elliptica – P. elmeri – P. elongata – P. ephemerantha – P. epiphytica
f

P. finetiana – P. flava – P. florentii – P. formosana – P. fujianensis – P. fuscescens
g

P. gonggana – P. grandiflora – P. guangdongensis
h

P. hachijoensis – P. halconensis – P. handel-mazzettii – P. hologlottis – P. hondoensis – P. huronensis – P. hyperborea
i

P. iinumae – P. integra – P. integrilabia
j

P. japonica
k

P. kinabaluensis – P. klossii – P. komarovii – P. kwangsiensis
l

P. lacera – P. leptocaulon – P. leptopetala – P. leucophaea – P. linearifolia – P. longibracteata – P. longicalcarata – P. longifolia
m

P. mandarinorum – P. maximowicziana – P. mearnsii – P. metabifolia – P. michaelii – P. micrantha – P. miniangustata – P. minor – P. minutiflora – P. muelleri
n

P. nanlingensis – P. nantousylvatica – P. neglecta – P. nematocaulon – P. nipponica – P. nivea – P. nubigena
o

P. obtusata – P. okuboi – P. oligantha – P. ophrydioides – P. orbicularis – P. orbiculata – P. oreades – P. oreophila – P. ovatilabris
p

P. pachycaulon – P. pachyglossa – P. pallida – P. papuana – P. peichatieniana – P. peramoena – P. pollostantha – P. praeclara – P. psycodes – P. purpurascens
r

P. replicata – P. roseotincta
s

P. sachalinensis – P. saprophytica – P. shriveri – P. sikkimensis – P. sonoharae – P. sparsiflora – P. stapfii – P. stenantha – P. stenochila – P. stenoglossa – P. stricta – P. superantha
t

P. taiwanensis – P. takedae – P. tescamnis – P. tipuloides – P. transversa
u

P. unalascensis – P. undulata – P. uniformis – P. urceolata – P. ussuriensis
w

P. whangshanensis
y

P. yadongensis – P. yadonii – P. yosemitensis
z

P. zijinensis – P. zothecina
P. zothecina
Nothospecies: (17)

P. × andrewsii – P. × apalachicola – P. × beckneri – P. × bicolor – P. × canbyi – P. × channellii – P. × correllii – P. × enigma – P. × hollandiae – P. × hybrida – P. × inouei – P. × lueri – P. × mixta – P. × ophryotipuloides – P. × osceola – P. × reznicekii – P. × vossii

Name

Platanthera Rich., De Orchid. Eur.: 26 (1817), nom. cons.

Type species: Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich., De Orchid. Eur.: 35 (1817)

Synonymy

Heterotypic
Lysias Salisb., Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: 288 (1812)
Sieberia Spreng., Anleit. Kenntn. Gew., ed. 2, 2(1): 282 (1817)
Mecosa Blume, Bijdr.: 403 (1825)
Diplanthera Raf., Herb. Raf.: 73 (1833), nom. illeg.
Tulotis Raf., Herb. Raf.: 70 (1833)
Perularia Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 20: t. 1701 (1835)
Blephariglottis Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 38 (1837)
Conopsidium Wallr., Linnaea 14: 147 (1840)
Diphylax Hook.f., Hooker's Icon. Pl. 19: t. 1865 (1889)
Limnorchis Rydb., Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1: 104 (1900)
Lysiella Rydb., Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1: 104 (1900)
Gymnadeniopsis Rydb. in N.L.Britton, Man. Fl. N. States: 293 (1901)
Piperia Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 269 (1901)
Denslovia Rydb., Brittonia 1: 85 (1931)
Pseudodiphryllum Nevski in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 4: 752 (1935)
Smithorchis Tang & F.T.Wang, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 7: 139 (1936)
Fimbriella Farw. ex Butzin, Willdenowia 11: 323 (1981)
× Platanthopsis P.M.Br., N. Amer. Native Orchid J. 8: 37 (2002)
× Blepharopsis Efimov, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 40: 48 (2008 publ. 2009)

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Europe
Northern Europe
Denmark, Finland, Føroyar, Great Britain, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden.
Middle Europe
Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland.
Southwestern Europe
Baleares, Corse, France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain.
Southeastern Europe
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania, Sicilia, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia.
Eastern Europe
Belarus, Baltic States, Krym, Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, South European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine.
Africa
Northern Africa
Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia.
Macaronesia
Azores.
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Altay, Buryatiya, Chita, Irkutsk Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutiya.
Russian Far East
Amur, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Islands, Magadan, Primorye, Sakhalin.
Middle Asia
Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan.
Caucasus
North Caucasus, Transcaucasus.
Western Asia
Cyprus, East Aegean Islands, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Turkey.
China
China South-Central, Hainan, Inner Mongolia, Manchuria, China North-Central, Qinghai, China Southeast, Tibet, Xinjiang.
Mongolia
Mongolia.
Eastern Asia
Japan, Korea, Nansei-shoto, Ogasawara-shoto, Taiwan.
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
Assam, East Himalaya, Nepal, West Himalaya.
Indo-China
Cambodia (doubtful), Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.
Malesia
Borneo, Jawa, Malaya, Maluku, Philippines, Sumatera.
Papuasia
Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea.
Northern America
Subarctic America
Altay, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, Greenland, Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Yukon.
Western Canada
Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan.
Eastern Canada
Labrador, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isle, Québec.
Northwestern U.S.A.
Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming.
North-Central U.S.A.
Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin.
Northeastern U.S.A.
Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Islands, Vermont, West Virginia.
Southwestern U.S.A.
Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah.
South-Central U.S.A.
New Mexico, Texas.
Southeastern U.S.A.
Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, District of Columbia.
Mexico
Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southwest.
Southern America
Central America
Costa Rica.
Caribbean
Cuba.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Richard, L.C.M. 1817. De Orchideis Europaeis Annotationes 20, 26, 35.
Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F.N. (eds.) 2001. Genera Orchidacearum Volume 2: Orchidoideae (Part one); page 345 ff., Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850710-0

Links

'eFloras 2009. Platanthera in Flora of China vol. 25 Orchidaceae --> pdf Platanthera
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2021. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset. Taxon: Platanthera. Accessed: 2021 Jul 14.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Platanthera in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jul 14. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Platanthera in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jul 14. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2021. Platanthera. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jul 14. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Platanthera. Published online. Accessed: 14 Jul 2021.
Tropicos.org 2021. Platanthera. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jul 14.

Vernacular names

العربية: بلتنتيرا
English: Fringed orchids
suomi: Lehdokit
日本語: ツレサギソウ属
Nederlands: Nachtorchis
Türkçe: Sümbülsalebi

The genus Platanthera belongs to the subfamily Orchidoideae of the family Orchidaceae, and comprises about 100 species of orchids. The members of this genus, known as the butterfly orchids[2][3] or fringed orchids,[4] were previously included in the genus Orchis, which is a close relative (along with the genus Habenaria). They are distributed throughout the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. They are terrestrial and have tubercules.

Etymology

Louis Claude Richard chose the name Platanthera for this genus; it comes from the Greek and means "broad or wide anther," referring to the separation of the base of the pollinia in the type species of the genus. Richard felt that this characteristic distinguished the genus Platanthera from both the genus Orchis and the genus Habenaria. However, today the defining characteristics of the genus are generally accepted to be the absence of both stigmatic processes (typical in Habenaria) and ovoid root-tuberoids (characteristic of both Habenaria and Orchis). Still, P. nivea, P. clavellata and P. integra all have stigmatic processes, showing the limitations of morphological characteristics in defining this clade.

Description and habitat

Species of Platanthera are perennial terrestrial herbs, erect in habit. The roots are fasciculate and typically fleshy and slender, although they may be somewhat tuberous; if tuberous they are lanceolate to fusiform and not ovoid. The leaves are generally fleshy and range from oblong or ovoid to lanceolate. Leaf shape often varies with the lower leaves more ovoid in shape, progressively becoming more lanceolate as they progress up the scape; floral bracts, if present, are lanceolate to linear. The base of the leaves typically sheathes the stem. The inflorescence is terminal and solitary, and the flowers form a cylindrical spike that ranges from sparse to dense. The flowers are typically resupinate, and often showy and colorful. The petals and labellum are typically entire, but in a number of North American species they may be fringed or edentate; in this group of species the labellum is also often deeply lobed or auricuate. The seed capsules are cylindrical and ridged.

These terrestrial orchids develop in a wide range of soil types and habitats, from strongly basic soils to deeply acidic bog soils, from forest openings and in clearings within the forest to open tundra. In all cases they require moist soils and are not found in dry or desert locations. While their fleshy tuberculous roots can store water, allowing them to survive temporary drought, they cannot survived extended drought.

Platanthera may be distinguished from Orchis and Habenaria by the absence of stigmatic processes, and the absence of ovoid roots.

Some Platanthera species are pollinated by mosquitoes.[5]
Species

Many species can cross-fertilise, resulting in great morphological variety and complicating classification.

The type species is Platanthera bifolia. More than 400 species, subspecies, and varieties have been described, and a 1997 study estimated around 85 species were clearly defined,[6] though these quantities vary considerably between evolving classification systems, and naturally change as specimens are reanalyzed or newly acquired.[2] "Species of Platanthera occur in North America, Asia, Europe, North Africa, Borneo, and Sarawak. Major centers of diversity are found in North America and East Asia."[6]

These include 52 species from temperate Asian countries (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan), 13 species from tropical Asian countries (Burma,, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines), 37 species from North America north of Mexico, 7 species from Europe.

They include:

Platanthera algeriensis (Europe, North Africa)
Platanthera aquilonis (North America)
Platanthera azorica (Azores)
Platanthera bifolia – greater platanthera[7] (Europe, Korea)
Platanthera blephariglottis (North America)
Platanthera brevicalcarata (Asia)
Platanthera brevifolia (North America)
Platanthera calceoliformis (China)
Platanthera carnosilabris (China)
Platanthera chapmanii (North America)
Platanthera chlorantha (Europe)
Platanthera chorisiana (Asia, North America)
Platanthera ciliaris (North America)
Platanthera clavellata (North America)
Platanthera cristata (North America)
Platanthera deflexilabella (Asia)
Platanthera dilatata (North America)
Platanthera elegans (North America)
Platanthera finetiana (China)
Platanthera flava (North America)
Platanthera florenti (Asia)
Platanthera fuscensis – Asian platanthera[7] (Asia, Korea)
Platanthera grandiflora (North America)
Platanthera holmboei (Asia, Europe)
Platanthera holochila (Pacific)
Platanthera hologlottis – white Asian platanthera[7] (Asia, Korea)
Platanthera hookeri (North America)
Platanthera huronensis (North America)
Platanthera hyperborea (North America, Europe)
Platanthera integra (North America)
Platanthera integrilabia (North America)
Platanthera japonica – East Asian platanthera[7] (Asia, Korea)
Platanthera kuenkelei (North Africa)
Platanthera lacera (North America)
Platanthera leucophaea (North America)
Platanthera leucostachys (North America)
Platanthera limosa (North America)
Platanthera macrophylla (North America)
Platanthera mandarinorum – common Korean platanthera,[7] baby Asian platanthera[7] (Asia, Korea)
Platanthera metabifolia (Asia)
Platanthera micrantha (Azores)
Platanthera minor – little platanthera[7] (Asia, Korea)
Platanthera nivea (North America)
Platanthera obtusata var. oligantha (Europe)
Platanthera obtusata (North America)
Platanthera okuboi (Asia)
Platanthera ophrydioides – cloud Asian platanthera[7] (Asia, Korea)
Platanthera orbiculata (North America)
Platanthera oreophila (China)
Platanthera pallida (North America)
Platanthera peramoena (North America)
Platanthera pollostantha[8] (Azores)
Platanthera praeclara (North America)
Platanthera psycodes (North America)
Platanthera sachalinensis – big Asian platanthera[7] (Asia, Korea)
Platanthera sparsiflora (North America)
Platanthera stenochila X.H.Jin, Schuit., Raskoti & L.Q.Huang (Asia)
Platanthera stricta (North America)
Platanthera tescamnis (North America)
Platanthera tipuloides (Asia)
Platanthera ussuriensis – Ussuri river platanthera[7] (Asia, Korea)
Platanthera yadonii (North America)
Platanthera yosemitensis (North America)
Platanthera zothecina (North America)