Pancratium maritimum

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

Familia: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamilia: Amaryllidoideae
Tribus: Pancratieae
Genus: Pancratium
Species: Pancratium maritimum
Name

Pancratium maritimum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 291. 1753.
Synonyms

Homotypic
Hymenocallis maritima (L.) M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 4: 176. 1847.
Heterotypic
Hymenocallis lacera Salisb., Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: 338. 1812, nom. superfl.
Hymenocallis ruizii M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 4: 177. 1847.
Pancratium abchasicum Regel, Cat. Pl. Hort. Aksakov.: 101. 1860.
Pancratium aegyptiacum M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 4: 180. 1847.
Pancratium angustifolium Lojac., Fl. Sicul. 3: 82. 1909, nom. illeg.
Pancratium angustifolium M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 4: 178. 1847.
Pancratium barcinonense Sennen, Mem. Real Acad. Ci. Barcelona, III, 20(14): 9. 1928.
Pancratium maritimum f. barcinonense Sennen, Exsicc. (Pl. Esp.) 1925: n.º 5431. 1926.
Pancratium carolinianum L., Sp. Pl.: 291. 1753.
Hymenocallis caroliniana (L.) Herb., Appendix: 44. 1821.
Pancratium linosae Soldano & F.Conti, Annot. Checkl. Italian Vasc. Fl.: 20. 2005.
Pancratium maritimum var. aureum Pynaert, Nursery Cat. (Éd. Pynaert - Van Geert) 1893–1894: 14. 1893.
Pancratium mirennae Mattei, Malpighia 31: 148. 1928.
Scilla parva Garsault, Fig. Pl. Méd.: 528. 1764. opus utiq. oppr.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe
Regional: Southwestern Europe
Baleares (Ibiza with Formentera, Mallorca, Menorca), Corse, France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain
Regional: Southeastern Europe
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Sicilia (Sicily, Malta), Turkey-in-Europe, former Yugoslavia
Continental: Africa
Regional: Northern Africa
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
Regional: Macaronesia
Azores (Faial, introduced), Canary Islands (Fuerteventura)
Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: Caucasus
North Caucasus, Transcaucasus
Regional: Western Asia
Cyprus, East Aegean Islands, Lebanon-Syria (Lebanon), Palestine (Israel, Palestine territories), Sinai, Turkey
Continental: Northern America
Regional: North-Central U.S.A.
Illinois (introduced)
Regional: Southeastern U.S.A.
Tennessee (introduced)
Continental: Southern America
Regional: Caribbean
Bermuda (introduced)

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 291. Reference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2018. Pancratium maritimum in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Aug. 12. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2018. Pancratium maritimum. Published online. Accessed: Aug. 06 2018.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Pancratium maritimum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 07-Oct-06.

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Dünen-Trichternarzisse
Ελληνικά: Θαλασσόκρινο
suomi: Hietamerinarsissi
français: Lis maritime
Türkçe: Kum zambağı

Pancratium maritimum, or sea daffodil, is a species of bulbous plant native to the Canary Islands and both sides of the Mediterranean region and Black Sea from Portugal, Morocco and the Balearic Islands east to Turkey, Syria, Israel and the Caucasus.[2][3] In the parts of its range on the south Bulgarian and north Turkish and Georgian coasts of Black Sea. It is also naturalized in southern California, Bermuda and the Azores.[2][4]

Pancratium maritimum grows on beaches and coastal sand dunes, often with much of the leaves and scapes buried in the sand. Other vernacular names are sea lily, sand daffodil, sand lily and lily of St. Nicholas,[5] (although it is not a true lily). The specific epithet maritimum means "of the sea".[6]

Description

Pancratium maritimum is a bulbous perennial with a long neck and glaucous, broadly linear leaves, evergreen, but the leaves often die back during hot summers. Scape to 40 centimetres (16 in). Flowers 3–15 in an umbel,[5] up to 15 cm (6 in) long, white. Corona two-thirds as long as the tepals. The flowers have a pleasing, exotic and very subtle lily scent, which only becomes apparent during still, windless summer nights that allow the delicate fragrance to become perceptible. Flowering is from August to October.[3]
Group of flowers on the Sardinian coast
Chemistry

4'-Hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxy-8-methylflavan is a flavan found in P. maritimum.[7]
Ecology

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Pancratium maritimum is pollinated by a hawk-moth named Agrius convolvuli. These insects visit the flower only when the speed of the wind is under 2 metres per second (6.6 ft/s). Even if the species is pollinated in an artificial way during windy weather the pollination is not effective. Pancratium maritimum is not receptive to its own pollen and must be cross-pollinated.
Cultivation

Easily grown but requires a very sunny position and a very well drained, sandy soil. Needs hot summers to induce flowering and is often a shy bloomer in cooler climates. Hardy to USDA zone 8. Tolerates temperatures down to about −5 °C (23 °F). Propagation by seeds or division after flowering. Seedlings may flower in their third or fourth year.[8][9]
Culture

The Hebrew name for the flower is חבצלת החוף (khavatselet ha-Khof), closely related to the rose of Sharon (khavatselet ha-Sharon – חבצלת השרון) mentioned in the Song of Solomon. Since the plant grows on the Sharon plain of the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, it is suggested the biblical passage may refer to this flower.[10]
See also

List of plants known as lily

References

Juan Vicedo, J. (2018). "Pancratium maritimum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T18990540A57467022. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T18990540A57467022.en. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
Altervista Flora Italiana, Giglio marino comune, Pancratium maritimum
"Pancratium maritimum L. - sea-daffodil". US Department of Agriculture Plant profile. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
"Pancratium maritimum Sea daffodil, sea lily, lily of St Nicholas Κρίνος της θάλασσας Amaryllidaceae - amaryllis family Monocot". wildflowersofskopelos.org.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
Jaeger, Edmund Carroll (1959). A source-book of biological names and terms. Springfield, Ill: Thomas. ISBN 0-398-06179-3.
A. A. Ali; M. A. Makboul; A. A. Attia; D. T. Ali (1990). "Chromones and flavans from Pancratium maritimum". Phytochemistry. 29 (2): 625–627. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(90)85130-8.
Plants for a Future, sea daffodil, Pancratium maritimum
Dave's Garden, PlantFiles: Sea Daffodil, Sand Lily, Northern Marsh Orchid Pancratium maritimum/

Coastal Lily at wildflowers.co.il (Hebrew)

Other sources

Boulos, L. (1995). Flora of Egypt Checklist: i-xii, 1-287. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
Boulos, L. (2005). Flora of Egypt 4: 1-617. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
Britton, N. (1918). Flora of Bermuda: 1-585. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
Czerepanov, S.K. (1995). Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (The Former USSR): 1-516. Cambridge University Press.
Danin, A. (2004). Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina area: 1-517. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.
Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1984). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 8: 1-632. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
Hansen, A. & Sunding, P. (1985). Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 3. revised edition. Sommerfeltia 1: 5-103.
Jafri, S.M.H. & El-Gadi, A. (eds.) (1978). Flora of Libya 51: 1-10. Al-Faateh University, Tripoli.
Maire, R. (1960). Flore de l'Afrique du Nord 6: 1-397. Paul Lechevalier, Paris.
Meikle, R.D. (1985). Flora of Cyprus 2: 833-1970. The Bentham-Moxon Trust Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Polunin, Oleg (1987). Flowers of Greece and the Balkans – a Field Guide. ISBN 0-19-281998-4.
Phillips, R. & M. Rix (1989). Bulbs. Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-30253-1.
Tutin, T.G. et al. (eds.) (1980). Flora Europaea 5: 1-452. Cambridge University Press.
Zervous, S., Raus, T. & Yannitsaros, A. (2009). Additions to the flora of the island of Kalimnos (SE Aegean, Greece). Willdenowia 39: 165-177.