Nelumbo lutea

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Ordo: Proteales

Familia: Nelumbonaceae
Genus: Nelumbo
Species: Nelumbo lutea
Name

Nelumbo lutea Willd., 1799.
Synonyms

Homotypic
Cyamus luteus (Willd.) Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. (Nuttall). 2: 25. 1818.
Nelumbo lutea Pers., Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 2(1): 92. 1806, nom. superfl.
Nelumbo nucifera var. lutea (Willd.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 12. 1891.
Nelumbo nucifera subsp. lutea (Willd.) T.Borsch & Barthlott, Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 68: 443. 1994.

Heterotypic
Cyamus flavicomus Salisb., Ann. Bot. (König & Sims). 2(1): 75. 1805.
Cyamus mysticus Salisb., Ann. Bot. (König & Sims). 2(1): 75. 1805.
Cyamus pentapetalus (Walter) Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) ii. 398.
Nelumbium codophyllum Raf., Fl. Ludov. 22. 1817.
Nelumbium indica Tussac, Fl. Antill. 3. 83. 1824, nom. illeg. non Poir. (1798).
Nelumbium jamaicense DC., Syst. Nat. (de Candolle) 2: 41. 1821.
Nelumbium reniforme Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4 (Willdenow) 2(2): 1260. 1799.
Nelumbo pentapetala (Walter) Fernald, Rhodora 36: 23. 1934.
Nymphaea pentapetala Walter, Fl. Carol. (Walter) 155. 1788, nom. rej.

Notes

Nelumbo lutea is often attributed to (Willd.) Pers., the spelling Nelumbium luteum used by Willdenow is an orthographic error for Nelumbo lutea (W. Greuter et al. 1994, Art. 61.4) that should be corrected, and Persoon's later combination is superfluous.
References

Willdenow, C.L.v. 1799. Sp. Pl. (Willdenow) 2: 1259.

Vernacular names
čeština: lotos žlutý
Deutsch: Amerikanische Lotosblume
suomi: Amerikanlootus
français: Lotus d'Amérique
português: lótus-amarelo, loto-amarelo
русский: Лотос жёлтый
slovenčina: lotos žltý
svenska: Amerikansk lotus
Türkçe: Amerika lotusu
中文（简体）: 美洲黄莲
中文（繁體）: 美洲黃蓮

Nelumbo lutea is a species of flowering plant in the family Nelumbonaceae. Common names include American lotus, yellow lotus, water-chinquapin, and volée. It is native to North America. The botanical name Nelumbo lutea Willd. is the currently recognized name for this species, which has been classified under the former names Nelumbium luteum and Nelumbo pentapetala, among others.[1]

Description

American lotus is an emergent aquatic plant. It grows in lakes and swamps, as well as areas subject to flooding. The roots are anchored in the mud, but the leaves and flowers emerge above the water's surface. The petioles of the leaves may extend as much as 2 m (6.6 ft) and end in a round leaf blade 33–43 cm (13–17 in) in diameter. Mature plants range in height from 0.8 to 1.5 m (2.6 to 4.9 ft).[2]

Flowering begins in late spring and may continue into the summer. The specific name means "yellow" in Latin and refers to the flowers, which may be white to pale yellow. The flowers measure 18–28 cm (7.1–11.0 in) in diameter and have 22-25 petals.[2]

It is the larval host plant of the American lotus borer, Ostrinia penitalis.[3]

However, Nelumbo lutea populations are declining in the U.S. due to habitat destruction and have become an endangered species. Their populations have a low level of genetic diversity, showing variation among different populations rather than within populations.[4]

Range

The native distribution of the species is Minnesota to Oklahoma, Florida, Bolivia, Honduras, and the Caribbean.
Native American Lotus in Virginia Beach, Virginia

It was apparently distributed northwards in the United States by Native Americans who carried the plant with them as a food source.[5]

Uses

This plant has a large tuberous rhizome that is used as a food source.[6] This may be the plant called "macoupin" in Miami-Illinois. The seed is also edible and is known as "alligator corn".[7] The seedlike fruits can be shaken loose, and are also edible.[8] The unopened leaves and young stalks can be cooked.[9]

The species is widely planted in ponds for its foliage and flowers. American Lotus spreads via creeping rhizomes and seeds. This species has been crossed with N. nucifera to create many hybrids. Seeds may be propagated by scarifying the pointed tip of the seed with a file then soaking in water. Propagation is also possible by division of established plants.

Other media

Disney's character Princess Tiana wears as her iconic princess dress, a gown fashioned from a yellow Nelumbo lutea.

White flower

Yellow flower

Leaf and flower bud

Empty seed pods

References

"Nelumbo lutea". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
Slocum, Perry D. (2005). Waterlilies and Lotuses: Species, Cultivars, and New Hybrids. Timber Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-88192-684-2.
"Species Ostrinia penitalis - American Lotus Borer - Hodges#4946 - BugGuide.Net". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2019-09-26.
"Genetic diversity, population structure, and historical gene flow of Nelumbo lutea in USA using microsatellite markers".
Wiersema, John H. (1997). "Nelumboanaceae". Flora of North America. 3.
Common Weeds of the United States. New York: Dover. 1971. p. 172. ISBN 0-486-20504-5.
Mariani, John F. (1999). Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink. Lebhar-Friedman Books. p. 5. ISBN 0-86730-784-6.
Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 637. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.

Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.

American Lotus, Illinois Natural History Survey
Illiniwik Food Sources
Prairie Place Names, Illinois Department of Natural Resources