Lysimachia arvensis

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Ordo: Ericales

Familia: Primulaceae
Subfamilia: Myrsinoideae
Genus: Lysimachia
Sectio: L. sect. Lerouxia
Species: Lysimachia arvensis
Subspecies: L. a. subsp. arvensis – L. a. subsp. latifolia
Varietas: L. a. var. caerulea
Name

Lysimachia arvensis (L.) U.Manns & Anderb., Willdenowia 39: 51 (2009).

Note: Govaerts (2021) does not accept the subspecies, whereas Hassler (2021) does, both accept the variety.

Synonyms

Basionym
Anagallis arvensis L., Sp. Pl.: 148 (1753).
Heterotypic
Anagallis arabica Duby in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 8: 69 (1844).
Anagallis arvensis var. phoenicea Gouan, Fl. Monsp.: 29 (1764).
Anagallis arvensis subsp. phoenicea (Gouan) Vollm., Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 9: 44 (1904).
Anagallis phoenicea (Gouan) Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 139 (1771).
Anagallis arvensis var. purpurea Douie, Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 7: 44 (1924).
Anagallis arvensis f. purpurea (Douie) P.D.Sell, Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 2: 519 (2014).
Anagallis carnea Schrank, Baier. Fl. 1: 461 (1789).
Anagallis hadidii Chrtek & Osb.-Kos., Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 21: 413 (1986).
Anagallis indica Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2: t. 132 (1826).
Anagallis jacquemontii Duby in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 8: 69 (1844).
Anagallis mas Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 2: 461 (1787).
Anagallis monelli M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 143 (1808) non Anagallis monelli L., Sp. Pl. 1: 148. (1753) vide Lysimachia monelli (L.) U.Manns & Anderb. (2009)
Anagallis orientalis Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall., Index Seminum (LE, Petropolitanus) 11: 49 (1846).
Anagallis parviflora Loisel., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 491 (1827).
Anagallis platyphylla Baudo, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 20: 345 (1843).
Anagallis pulchella Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 120 (1796).
Anagallis punctifolia Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 305 (1812).
Anagallis repens DC. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck & A.P.de Candolle, Fl. Franç., ed. 3, 4: 381 (1805).

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe
Regional: Northern Europe
Denmark, Finland, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden.
Regional: Middle Europe
Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland.
Regional: Southwestern Europe
Baleares, Corse, France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain.
Regional: Southeastern Europe
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Romania, Sicilia, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia.
Regional: Eastern Europe
Belarus, Baltic States, Krym, Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, South European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine.
Continental: Africa
Regional: Northern Africa
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara.
Regional: Macaronesia
Azores, Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Madeira, Selvagens.
Regional: West Tropical Africa
Nigeria.
Regional: West-Central Tropical Africa
Burundi.
Regional: Northeast Tropical Africa
Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Socotra, Somalia, Sudan.
Regional: East Tropical Africa
Kenya, Tanzania.
Regional: South Tropical Africa
Angola, Zimbabwe.
Regional: Southern Africa
Cape Provinces, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, Northern Provinces.
Regional: Middle Atlantic Ocean
Ascension, St.Helena.
Regional: Western Indian Ocean
Mauritius, Réunion.
Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: Middle Asia
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan.
Regional: Caucasus
North Caucasus, Transcaucasus.
Regional: Western Asia
Afghanistan, Cyprus, East Aegean Islands, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Sinai, Turkey.
Regional: Arabian Peninsula
Gulf States, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen.
Regional: China
China Southeast.
Regional: Eastern Asia
Korea, Kazan-retto, Ogasawara-shoto, Taiwan.
Continental: Asia-Tropical
Regional: Indian Subcontinent
Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, India, Nepal, Pakistan, West Himalaya.
Continental: Australasia
Regional: Australia
Norfolk Islands.
Regional: New Zealand
Antipodean Islands, Chatham Islands, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand North, New Zealand South.
Continental: Pacific
Regional: Southwestern Pacific
New Caledonia.
Regional: South-Central Pacific
Easter Islands.
Continental: Northern America
Regional: Subarctic America
Greenland.
Regional: Western Canada
British Columbia.
Regional: Eastern Canada
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec.
Regional: Northwestern U.S.A.
Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington.
Regional: North-Central U.S.A.
Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Wisconsin.
Regional: Northeastern U.S.A.
Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia.
Regional: Southwestern U.S.A.
Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah.
Regional: South-Central U.S.A.
New Mexico.
Regional: Southeastern U.S.A.
Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, District of Columbia.
Regional: Mexico
Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southwest, Mexico Southeast.
Continental: Southern America
Regional: Central America
Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras.
Regional: Caribbean
Bermuda, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico.
Regional: Northern South America
Venezuela.
Regional: Western South America
Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.
Regional: Brazil
Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Brazil South.
Regional: Southern South America
Argentina Northeast, Argentina South, Argentina Northwest, Chile Central, Chile North, Chile South, Juan Fernández Islands, Uruguay.
Continental: Antarctic
Regional: Subantarctic Islands
Crozet Islands, Tristan da Cunha.
Note: Grey script indicates introduced occurrences.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Manns, U. & Anderberg, A.A. 2009. New combinations and names in Lysimachia (Myrsinaceae) for species of Anagallis, Pelletiera and Trientalis. Willdenowia 39(1): 49–54. DOI: 10.3372/wi.39.39103 Full text (PDF). Reference page.

Links

Hassler, M. 2021. Lysimachia arvensis. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2021 June 19. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Lysimachia arvensis in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2021 June 19. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Lysimachia arvensis. Published online. Accessed: 19 June 2021.

Vernacular names
العربية: نبات عين القط
azərbaycanca: Tarla anaqallisi
català: Morró
čeština: drchnička rolní
Cymraeg: Gwlyddyn Mair
dansk: Rød Arve, Røde Arve
Deutsch: Acker-Gauchheil
English: Scarlet Pimpernel
español: pimpinela escarlata
euskara: Pasmo-belar loregorri
suomi: Peltopunka, peltopuna-alpi
Nordfriisk: Hingst an waanj
français: Mouron des champs
Gàidhlig: loisgean
עברית: מרגנית השדה
हिन्दी: कृष्ण नील
hornjoserbsce: Čerwjeny kurymór
magyar: Mezei tikszem
italiano: Mordigallina
ქართული: საპონელა
қазақша: Егістік көздәрі
한국어: 뚜껑별꽃, 보라별꽃
lietuvių: Raudonžiedis progailis
norsk bokmål: Nonsblom
Nederlands: Rood Guichelheil
polski: Kurzyślad polny
پنجابی: بلی بوٹی
پښتو: اناگالیس اروېنسیس
română: scînteuță
русский: Очный цвет полевой
slovenčina: drchnička roľná
svenska: Rödmire, Rödarv
தமிழ்: அனிச்சை, அனிச்சை மலர், அனிச்சம்
Türkçe: Sülük otu
oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча: Sovunoʻt
中文: 琉璃繁缕

Anagallis arvensis (syn. Lysimachia arvensis), commonly known as the scarlet pimpernel, red pimpernel, red chickweed, poor man's barometer, poor man's weather-glass,[1] shepherd's weather glass or shepherd's clock, is a species of low-growing annual plant with brightly coloured flowers, most often scarlet but also bright blue and sometimes pink. The native range of the species is Europe and Western Asia and North Africa.[2] The species has been distributed widely by humans, either deliberately as an ornamental flower or accidentally.[3] A. arvensis is now naturalised almost worldwide, with a range that encompasses the Americas, Central and East Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, Malesia, the Pacific Islands, Australasia and Southern Africa.[4][5][6]

Traditionally included in the primrose family Primulaceae, the genus Anagallis was placed in the family Myrsinaceae[7] until that family in turn was included in Primulaceae in the APG III system. The genus Anagallis is included in Lysimachia by some authors.[8]

This common European plant is generally considered a weed and is an indicator of light soils, though it grows opportunistically in clay soils as well. The origin of the name pimpernel comes from late Middle English pympernele [1400–50], derived from Middle French pimprenelle, from Old French piprenelle, and ultimately from Vulgar Latin *piperīnella (piper 'pepper' + -īn- '-ine' + -ella diminutive suffix).

The flower serves as the emblem of the fictional hero the Scarlet Pimpernel.

Description

When found as a summer annual, the scarlet pimpernel has a low-growing creeping habit, but as a winter annual, it forms a half-rosette with an upright stem. It has weak sprawling stems with square cross-section growing to about 5–30 centimetres (2–12 in) long. They bear bright green, soft, ovate sessile leaves in opposite pairs. The orange, red or blue, radially symmetric flowers, about 10–15 millimetres (0.4–0.6 in) in diameter, are produced singly in the leaf axils from spring to autumn. The petal margins are somewhat crenate and have small glandular hairs. The stamens have lollipop hairs and therefore attract a variety of pollinators, especially flies, but the flowers are also capable of autopollination. The dehiscent capsule fruits ripen from August to October in the northern hemisphere. The weight of the fruiting body bends the stem, and the seeds are transported by the wind or rain. Blue-flowered plants (A. arvensis Forma azurea) are common in some areas, such as the Mediterranean region, and should not be confused with the related blue pimpernel, Anagallis foemina, sometimes Anagallis arvensis ssp. foemina. In 2007, a molecular phylogenetic study showed that Anagallis foemina is more closely related to Anagallis monelli than to Anagallis arvensis, and should be treated as a separate species.[9] The taxonomy has however not yet been resolved and various authorities propose either the subspecies Anagallis arvensis subsp. foemina (Mill.) Schinz & Thell, or the species Anagallis foemina Mill.[10] The plant has a diploid chromosome count of 2n=40.[11]

Scarlet pimpernel flowers open only when the sun shines, and even close in overcast conditions.[1] This habit leads to names such as "shepherd's weather glass". It has been observed along the verges of salted roads, creating a broad red band along the roadside.[12]

Scarlet pimpernel has a wide variety of flower colours. The petals of the type arvensis are bright red to minium-coloured; carnea is deep peach, lilacina is lilac; pallida is white; and azurea is blue. The blue form can be difficult to distinguish from A. foemina, but the petal margins are diagnostic: whereas foemina has clearly irregular petal margins with only 5 to 15 glandular hairs, A. arvensis f. azurea has 50 to 70 hairs on only slightly irregular margins.

A. arvensis f. azurea together with a colour variant closer to f. carnea.

A. arvensis f. azurea together with a colour variant closer to f. carnea.
A. arvensis f. azurea. The glandular hairs on the petal margins, at least 50 in this example, are clearly visible in the enlarged photo.

A. arvensis f. azurea. The glandular hairs on the petal margins, at least 50 in this example, are clearly visible in the enlarged photo.
A. arvensis f. azurea.

A. arvensis f. azurea.

Medical and agricultural significance

Anagallis arvensis is generally unwelcome as a cosmopolitan invasive species; it is harmfully toxic in several respects and accordingly undesirable in pastures. The plant is acrid and bitter, and grazing livestock generally avoid eating it except in conditions of overgrazing or grazing of unsatisfying stubble. Experimental feeding of the plant material to various animals, such as horses and dogs, caused gastroenteritis.[13] Sufficiently high doses proved fatal.[14] Less specifically the herb has been reported as being toxic to poultry and rabbits, and the seed to birds.[13]

Anagallis arvensis is less often used in folk medicine worldwide than where it has long been familiar in its countries of origin. In various countries however, the plant material has been applied externally to slow-healing ulcers and wounds. It also has been applied as an expectorant and as a remedy for pruritus, rheumatism, haemorrhoids, rabies, leprosy, and snake-bite. Anagallis has been used in treatment of non-specified types of phthisis, and of kidney-related conditions such as dropsy and chronic nephritis. It was used as an antidepressant in ancient Greece, and to treat various mental disorders in European folk medicine, leading to the German name Gauchheil (Gauch meaning 'fool, cuckoo' and heil meaning 'heal'). Generally however, documented evidence for clinical efficacy is lacking. Anagallis arvensis is traditionally known by pharmacists as Arvensis Herba[15]

Anagallis arvensis is insecticidal, or at least is repellent to some insects, possibly by virtue of its pungent essential oil which has a characteristic smell. Taken by mouth, experimental doses of the liquid in humans caused twenty-four hours of intense nausea, headache and bodily pain. Some people also experience dermatitis from contact with the leaf. Reports from Australia state that when grain crops have been infested by the weed, chaff that contains much of the material becomes unpalatable to stock as fodder. When grazing in pasture, livestock usually leave the plant alone, but when they do nonetheless eat significant quantities, they suffer diuretic and narcotic effects sufficiently intense to justify regarding the plant as poisonous.[14] Reportedly an Indian practice of expelling leeches from dog nostrils can lead to fatal results if the animal swallows the fluid.[13]

The herb and its seed contain saponins, which could explain why fresh material is strongly haemolytic.[16] Among other possible glycosides,[14] the root yields the triterpenoid glycoside cyclamin[13] which is highly toxic and occurs in Cyclamen species,[17] also a member of the subfamily Myrsinoideae, and arguably also in the Primulaceae.[18]

The plant contains tanning agents, bitters, and the proteolytic enzyme primverase.

Antibacterial tests of the green parts failed to show any encouraging positive effect.[13]
In literature

Scarlet pimpernel (anicham in Tamil) is one of the two flowers mentioned in the Tirukkural.

The Scarlet Pimpernel is the alias of Sir Percy Blakeney in the novel of the same name by Baroness Emma Orczy.

The fictional flower Elanor is said to be a little enlarged version of pimpernel, according to one of J. R. R. Tolkien's letters.[19]

The flower appears in The Lord of the Rings: Fellowship of the Ring[20] and in Unfinished Tales.[21]
References

"Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis)". Connecticut Botanical Society.
"Factsheet - Anagallis arvensis".
"Angallis arvensis (Scarlet pimpernel)".
"Descriptions and articles about the Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life.
"Anagallis arvensis in Flora of North America @ efloras.org".
"Anagallis arvensis". Archived from the original on 2012-05-02. Retrieved 2012-12-16.
Mari Källersjö; Gullevi Bergqvist; Arne A. Anderberg (2000). "Generic realignment in primuloid families of the Ericales s.l.: a phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences from three chloroplast genes and morphology". American Journal of Botany. American Journal of Botany, Vol. 87, No. 9. 87 (9): 1325–1341. doi:10.2307/2656725. JSTOR 2656725. PMID 10991903. (full pdf.text)
C. A. Stace, New Flora of the British Isles, 4th edition 2019, p 549. ISBN 978-15272-2630-2.
Manns, Ulrika; Anderberg, Arne A. (2007). "Relationships of Anagallis foemina and Anagallis arvensis (Myrsinaceae): New insights inferred from DNA sequence data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (3): 971–980. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.022. PMID 17869544.
The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ (accessed January 2016)
Oberdorfer, Erich; Schwabe, Angelika (2001). Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora : für Deutschand und angrenzende Gebiete (8 ed.). Stuttgart: E. Ulmer. ISBN 3800131315.
Dörr, Erhard; Lippert, Wolfgang (2004). Flora des Allgäus und seiner Umgebung. Eching: IHW-Verl. ISBN 3930167611.
Watt, John Mitchell; Breyer-Brandwijk, Maria Gerdina: The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nd ed Pub. E & S Livingstone 1962
Harold C. Long (1917). Plants Poisonous to Live Stock. CUP Archive. pp. 49–. GGKEY:ZF2C4UTG0H9.
The Edinburgh New Dispensatory, Andrew Duncan (the Younger), Bell & Bradfute, 1813, p 278
Podolak I, Galanty A, Sobolewska D. Saponins as cytotoxic agents: a review. Phytochemistry Reviews. 2010;9(3):425-474. doi:10.1007/s11101-010-9183-z [1]
van Wyk, Ben-Erik; van Heerden, Fanie; van Oudtshoorn, Bosch (2002). Poisonous Plants of South Africa. Pretoria: Briza. ISBN 978-1875093304.
SHARMA (2011). PLANT TAXONOMY 2E. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 371–. ISBN 978-1-259-08137-8.
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1981). The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien. United Kingdom: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 312, From a letter to Amy Ronald 16 November 1969. ISBN 0-618-05699-8.
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954). The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. Allen & Unwin. pp. Book Two, Chapter VI: "Lothlórien".

Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980). Unfinished Tales. HarperCollins. pp. 260 - Part Two: The Second Age, II: "Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife". ISBN 0618154043.

Sources
Blanchan, Neltje (2005). Wild Flowers Worth Knowing. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
Harvey Wickes Felter and John Uri Lloyd (1898) King's American Dispensatory.
Ulrika Manns; Arne A. Anderberg (2005). "Molecular Phylogeny of Anagallis (Myrsinaceae) Based on ITS, trnL-F, and ndhF Sequence Data". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 166 (6): 1019–1028. doi:10.1086/449318. S2CID 83727080.