Lupinus polyphyllus

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Fabales

Familia: Fabaceae
Subfamilia: Faboideae
Tribus: Genisteae
Genus: Lupinus
Subgenus: Lupinus subg. Platycarpos
Species: Lupinus polyphyllus
Subspecies: L. p. subsp. gernardinus – L. p. subsp. polyphyllus – L. p. subsp. superbus
Varietates: L. p. var. grandifolius – L. p. var. pallidipes
Name

Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., 1827
Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Northern America
Alberta, British Columbia, California, Connecticut, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, New York, Ontario, Oregon, Québec, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin
Introduced into:
Altay, Argentina South, Austria, Baltic States, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Central European Russia, Chile South, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East European Russia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Illinois, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Krasnoyarsk, Mongolia, Netherlands, New South Wales, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, South Australia, South European Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Transcaucasus, Ukraine, Victoria, West Siberia, Yugoslavia

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Lindley, J., 1827. Botanical Register 13: 1096, tab..

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Lupinus polyphyllus in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Jan 27. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Lupinus polyphyllus. Published online. Accessed: Jan 27 2021.
Tropicos.org 2021. Lupinus polyphyllus. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 27 Jan 2021.
Hassler, M. 2021. Lupinus polyphyllus. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Jan 27. Reference page.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Lupinus polyphyllus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 07-Oct-06.

Vernacular names
العربية: ترمس عديد الأوراق
беларуская: Лубін мнагалісты
kaszëbsczi: Wiôlgòlëstny lёpin
čeština: Lupina mnoholistá
Cymraeg: Bysedd-y-blaidd y gerddi
dansk: Staude-lupin
Deutsch: Vielblättrige Lupine
English: Bigleaf Lupine
español: Lupino
eesti: Hulgalehine lupiin
فارسی: لوپن
suomi: Komealupiini
français: Lupin des jardins
hornjoserbsce: Wjelełopjenkata lupina
magyar: Erdei csillagfürt
italiano: Lupino fogliuto
lietuvių: Gausialapis lubinas
Nederlands: Vaste lupine
norsk: Hagelupin
polski: Łubin trwały
русский: Люпин многолистный
slovenčina: Lupina mnoholistá
svenska: Blomsterlupin
Türkçe: Büyük yapraklı acı bakla
українська: Люпин багатолистий
中文: 多叶羽扇豆

Lupinus polyphyllus, the large-leaved lupine, big-leaved lupine, many-leaved lupine,[2] blue-pod lupine,[3] or, primarily in cultivation, garden lupin, is a species of lupine (lupin) native to western North America from southern Alaska and British Columbia east to Quebec, and western Wyoming, and south to Utah and California. It commonly grows along streams and creeks, preferring moist habitats.

It is a perennial herbaceous plant with stout stems growing to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) tall. The leaves are palmately compound with (5-) 9-17 leaflets 3–15 centimetres (1.2–5.9 in) long. The flowers are produced on a tall spike, each flower 1–1.5 centimetres (0.39–0.59 in) long, most commonly blue to purple in wild plants. The flowers are mostly visited by bumblebees.[4] The polyphyllus variety in particular make up a great number of the hybrids which are generally grown as garden lupines, which can vary dramatically in colours. The majority of lupines do not thrive in rich heavy soils, and often only live for a matter of years if grown in such places, because crown contact with manure or rich organic matter encourages rotting.

This lupine may represent a significant threat to the survival of the endangered Karner blue butterfly, due to its ease of hybridization with the Karner's food plant, Lupinus perennis, the sundial lupine.[5][6] Some sources argue that much commercial sundial lupine seed is already questionable for the Karner due to hybridization. Additionally, incompatible lupines continue to be introduced by humans into places where the Karner lives or once lived.[5]

There are five varieties:

Lupinus polyphyllus var. burkei – Interior northwestern United States
Lupinus polyphyllus var. humicola – Interior western North America
Lupinus polyphyllus var. pallidipes – Western Oregon and Washington (Willamette Valley)
Lupinus polyphyllus var. polyphyllus – Coastal western North America
Lupinus polyphyllus var. prunophilus – Interior western North America

The species epithet polyphyllus means "many-leaved", from Ancient Greek πολύς (polús) "many" and φύλλον (phúllon) "leaf".
Close-up of a Russell hybrid lupine in a typical garden setting in England

Russell hybrids
Macro shot of a Lupinus polyphyllus

The herbaceous lupin Lupinus polyphyllus arrived in Britain from North America in the 1820s, brought over by David Douglas. Almost a century later, George Russell, a horticulturist from York, UK, started to breed the (later famous) Russell hybrids (Lupinus × russellii hort).[7][8] Lupinus polphyllus were originally of basic colours and had large gaps in the flowering spike. Without the use of modern-day plant breeding techniques, Russell took to ruthlessly pulling out any plants which he deemed to be unacceptable in growth or display. He spent two decades single-handedly trying to breed the perfect lupin, crossing L. polyphyllus with L. arboreus, L. sulphureus and one or more annual species (maybe L. nootkatensis).

Over the decades, the plants he selected developed flower spikes that were denser, larger, and more colourful than the original Lupinus polyphyllus. His work may have gone unrecognised if he had not been encouraged by nurseryman James Baker to show the plants to the public. It is understood the pair worked together for several years to perfect the Russell Hybrid, before they were displayed at the Royal Horticultural Society's June show in 1937, where their brightly coloured, tightly packed spires won awards.[9] Russell was later awarded an MBE, and the Royal Horticultural Society awarded him the Veitch Memorial Medal for a lifetime's achievement in horticulture. Baker later secured Russell's entire stock; in their heyday, Bakers Nurseries Ltd. of Codsall, Wolverhamton attracted 80,000 visitors in June to see 40 acres (16 ha) of lupines in flower.
Wild Lupine on St. George Island, Alaska

Russell disliked the blue colours, as they reflected too closely the original plants imported from America almost a 100 years previously. The blue colouring is a recessive allele, and so although Russell might have worked hard to suppress it, lupines left unchecked over several generations will eventually revert to the old blues. Almost all garden lupines today are hybrids of the true Russell hybrids due to their ease of cross pollinating with one another, and with no special interest in lupine cultivating until recent years it has meant the plants have created a large pool of genetic diversity and variation from the original Russells.[10]

There is strong concern that Russell lupine DNA significantly contaminates large percentages of commercially-available Sundial Lupine, Lupinus perennis, seed, making it potentially unsuitable for the larvae of the endangered Karner Blue, Plebejus melissa samuelis, butterfly. The Karner cannot feed upon Russell lupines, nor can it feed upon the base Lupinus polyphyllus species.[11] Those who wish to protect the Karner should prevent the introduction of Lupinus polyphyllus and Russell lupines into the remaining areas where the butterfly continues to exist, to prevent the toxic lupine hybridization.[6]

The templates created by Russell are still used by other specialist lupine horticulturalists today, e.g., Maurice and Brian Woodfield, nurserymen from Stratford-upon-Avon, who received the RHS Veitch Memorial Medal for their work on lupines in 2000. The Woodfields created more complex plants with more varied and vivid bi-coloured spikes, the red and yellow, and red and purple flowers are particular highlights of the "Woodfield" lupine variety.[12] In 2009, Sarah Conibear who runs the Westcountry Nurseries, displayed several new varieties including the ‘Beefeater', about which the RHS writer Graham Rice commented "[the beefeater] has what looks to be the best red lupine we've seen so far."[13]
Cultivation and uses
Garden cultivars of Lupinus polyphyllus

It is commonly used in gardens for its attractiveness to bees, ability to improve poor sandy soils with their nitrogen fixing ability and flowers; numerous cultivars have been selected for differing flower colour, including red, pink, white, blue, and multicoloured with different colours on different petals. Often hybrids between L. polyphyllus and L. arboreus are used, and sold under hybrid names such as Rainbow Lupins, Lupin Tutti Fruitti, and Band of Nobles (mixed), Chandelier (yellow), My Castle (red), Noble Maiden (white), The Chatelaine (pink), and The Governor (blue). They are very hardy plants, surviving extreme temperatures withstanding frost to at least −25 °C (−13 °F) and the wild varieties can easily become invasive and hard to dispose of unless kept in check on a regular basis. They need a reasonable level of sun to survive, and do best in light soils, suffering in heavy and clay types. Once fully established they are extremely resilient and may be divided. Seeds taken from the mother plant will never be a true replica of the original even if they produce similar colourings.

Low alkaloidal or sweet cultivars of this lupine suitable for fodder crops have been bred. To avoid restoration of alkaloid synthesis in cross-pollinated species of lupine, a new approach has been developed on the basis of specific crossing. Only compatible forms are involved in hybridization, with their low alkaloid content controlled by one and the same genetic system. These approaches have allowed transforming this bitter weed into a valuable fodder crop. In the conditions of Northwest Russia positive results from the use of the sweet commercial cultivar "Pervenec" (first sweet variety), which is included in the State Catalogue of selection achievements of Russia. Breeding of sweet lupine is carried out also in Finland. The newer garden hybrids of today are highly poisonous because they are full of toxic alkaloids and should never be eaten.

The species is also toxic to livestock.[3]
Invasive species
Russell lupines alongside a road in Canterbury, New Zealand.
Lupinus polyphyllus alongside a road in High Tatras, Slovakia.

In New Zealand, where it is known as the Russell lupin, Lupinus polyphyllus is classed as an invasive species[14][15] and covers large areas next to roadsides, pastures and riverbeds, especially in the Canterbury region. It is documented as being first naturalised in 1958 and it has been suggested that tour bus drivers deliberately spread seeds of the plant to promote colourful roadside vegetation in areas which some tourists may consider to be rather drab. The plant threatens indigenous species especially when it invades the braided river beds in the South Island.[15]

It is also classed as an invasive species in Sweden, Norway,[16] Switzerland, Argentina, the Czech Republic, Finland, Lithuania, and Ukraine.
References

Planchuelo, A.M. (2020). "Lupinus polyphyllus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T82414032A82414039. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T82414032A82414039.en. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
Dickinson, T.; Metsger, D.; Bull, J.; & Dickinson, R. (2004). The ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario. Toronto:Royal Ontario Museum, p.270.
Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 601. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers". Plant Biology. 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. PMID 25754608.
Summers, Carolyn (2010). Designing Gardens with Flora of the American East. United States: Rutgers University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0813549323.
"Big-leaf lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus)". Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
Bourne, Val (9 March 2002). "Falling in love again". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
"George Russell, MBE 1857 - 1951". stillingtonvillage.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
"BBC gardeners world article". BBC. Archived from the original on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
"West Country Nurseries article". West Country Nurseries. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
"The Rare Karner Blue Butterfly". West Country Nurseries. 18 August 2013. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
Whitsey, Fred (2000-06-24). "Telegraph Lupin article". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
"RHS article". RHS. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
"Lupinus polyphyllus". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
"Threats & impacts - Russell lipin". Department of Conservation. June 2007. Retrieved 2008-12-22.
"Faktaark nr. 241 Hagelupin Lupinus polyphyllus" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Artsdatabanken. Retrieved 29 July 2015.