Lupinus angustifolius

Lupinus angustifolius (*)

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Fabales

Familia: Fabaceae
Subfamilia: Faboideae
Tribus: Genisteae
Genus: Lupinus
Subgenus: Lupinus subg. Lupinus
Species: Lupinus angustifolius
Name

Lupinus angustifolius L., 1753
Synonyms

Lupinus angustifolius var. albidus Kurl. & Stank.
Lupinus angustifolius var. albopunctatus Kurl. & Stank.
Lupinus angustifolius var. atabekovae Kurl. & Stank.
Lupinus angustifolius f. belorussicus Kurl. & Stank.
Lupinus angustifolius var. brunneus Kurl. & Stank.
Lupinus angustifolius var. chalybeus Kurl. & Stank.
Lupinus angustifolius var. corylinus Kurl. & Stank.
Lupinus angustifolius f. deramosus Taran. & Buschueva ex Kurl. & Stank.
Lupinus angustifolius f. epigonalus Taran. & Buschueva ex Kurl. & Stank.
Lupinus angustifolius var. griseomaculatatus Kurl. & Stank.
Lupinus angustifolius f. kloczkovii Kurl. & Stank.
Lupinus angustifolius f. kuptzovii Kurl. & Stank.
Lupinus angustifolius subvar. lilacinus Kurl. & Stank.
Lupinus angustifolius subvar. maissurianii Kurl. & Stank.
Lupinus angustifolius subvar. polonicus Kurl. & Stank.
Lupinus angustifolius subvar. rhodanthus Kurl. & Stank.
Lupinus angustifolius var. sparsiusculus Kurl. & Stank.
Lupinus angustifolius subvar. violaceus Kuptzov & Kurl.
Lupinus angustifolius subvar. virescens Kuptzov & Kurl.
Lupinus angustifolius subvar. viridulus Kurl. & Stank.
Lupinus angustifolius f. zhukovskii Kurl. & Stank.
Lupinus canaliculatus Sweet
Lupinus cryptanthus Shuttlew.
Lupinus leucospermus Boiss.
Lupinus linifolius Roth
Lupinus maissurianii Atabek. & Polukhina
Lupinus opsianthus Amabekova & Maisuran
Lupinus philistaeus Boiss.
Lupinus reticulatus Desv.
Lupinus semiverticillatus Desr.
Lupinus sylvestris Lam.
Lupinus varius L.

Homonyms

Lupinus angustifolius Blanco = Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:
References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 721. Reference page.

Additional references

Kurlovich, B.S. & Stankevich, A.K. 1990. Interspecific diversity of three annual lupine species (Lupinus L.), pp. 19 –34 in: Bull. Appl. Bot. Gen. Pl.-Breed., vol. 135. Initial material, genetics, systematics and breeding of grain Legume crops. Leninglad, WIR.
Kurlovich, B.S. (ed.) 2002. [1] Lupins: Geography, classification, genetic resources and breeding. St. Petersburg, Publishing house "Intan" ISBN 5-86741-034-X ; 468 pages.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Lupinus angustifolius in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Jan 22. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Lupinus angustifolius. Published online. Accessed: Jan 22 2021.
Tropicos.org 2021. Lupinus angustifolius. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 22 Jan 2021.
Hassler, M. 2021. Lupinus angustifolius. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Jan 22. Reference page.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Lupinus angustifolius in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 07-Oct-06.

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Blaue Lupine

Ελληνικά : Λούπινο το στενόφυλλο

español: Altramuz Azul
suomi: Sinilupiini

Lupinus angustifolius is a species of lupin known by many common names, including narrowleaf lupin,[2] narrow-leaved lupin[3] and blue lupin. It is native to Eurasia and northern Africa and naturalized in parts of Australia and North America. It has been cultivated for over 6000 years[4] as a food crop for its edible legume seeds, as a fodder for livestock and for green manure.

Biology

Like other legumes, the narrow-leaved lupin fixes nitrogen in a symbiotic interaction with different bacteria in the rhizosphere. Bacteria living in this rhizosphere include Bradyrhizobium lupinii or the newly discovered species Kribbella lupini.[5]
The narrow-leaved lupin is an erect, branching herb sometimes exceeding one meter. There are reduced-branching cultivars. Each palmate leaf is divided into 5 to 9 linear leaflets under 4 centimeters long. The herbage is slightly hairy in some areas. The inflorescence bears many flowers in shades of blue, violet, pink, or white. The fruit is a legume pod containing seeds of varying colors from dark gray to brown to white, or speckled or mottled.[6] Lupinus angustifolius has a high content of alkaloids, e.g. lupanin or angustifolin. However, cultivars with a low alkaloid content have been bred. These low alkaloid cultivars are called sweet lupins, such as the Australian Sweet Lupin.[7] Lupinus angustifolius FlowersCloseup 2009Mach28 DehesaBoyaldePuertollano.jpg

Agronomy

The narrow-leaved lupin is sown as early as possible in the spring,[8] to have the growing season as long as possible. Another reason for early sowing is its sensitivity to high temperature in spring.[9] Lupins react with a higher yield loss, when they are sown late, than other crops (e.g. cereals) do.[10] The optimum seed density depends on the site yield potential [11] and is generally higher in non-branching cultivars than in branching ones.[8] The variance is high, 14 to 138 plants per m2 [12] are an optimal plant density, depending on the yield potential of the site. On most grounds, a plant density around 80 plants per m2 would be the optimum.

Lupins are usually sown with technique used for cereals in a depth of about 5 cm.

The narrow-leaved lupin needs to be harvested as soon as the grain reaches a moisture of about 12%. The straw usually isn't ripened at this point, but further delay of harvest would increase losses from shattering of the pods and lodging.[13] The harvest is done with machinery used for cereals. Swathing is not widely applied. However, it can be a good alternative to reduce harvest losses in case harvest is delayed.

The disease and weed spectrum of the narrow-leaved lupin is different from most major crops and it is able to improve the soil (see Use). Therefore, it is a valuable partner in intensive crop rotations.
Use

The plant is used as a green manure or as a grain legume for animal feed or human consumption. Through its ability to fix nitrogen and its low nutrient requirement this plant is suitable to be planted on exhausted fields as a soil improver. Additionally, lupins have strong roots, that can reduce the compaction of a soil.[14]

The whole plant, including the seeds, is widely used as a fodder for livestock, due to its high protein and energy content. Lupins contain high levels of fermentable carbohydrates and low levels of starch and are, therefore, an adequate ruminant feed. But lupins are a valuable feed for monogastric animals as well, because of the high digestibility of the lupin nitrogen and the low level of protease inhibitors.[15]

Lupins are mainly consumed as fermented foods, bread and pasta products, milk products or sprouts. As of 2020, only 4% of lupin were consumed by humans, with the majority used as stock feed. Lupin beans are growing in use as a plant-based protein source in the world marketplace.[16][17][7]
Genomics

This species of lupin had its genome sequenced in May 2013. It was sequenced due to the interest in low alkaloid mutants as a food crop. L. angustifolius has a protein content of 35-40% in the seeds thus for providing protein to people of the world it is of high interest. Currently lupin is grown in Australia and sold under the name "Australian sweet lupin". The objective was to figure out how agronomic traits, low alkaloid traits, and protein content are manifested in the genome. The genome was sequenced in two cultivars, the poorly adapted tanjil and the better adapted unicrop. The genome was sequenced as such; whole genome shotgun sequencing dataset for this species with 26.9x (average amount of overlapping scaffolds) coverage of the genome, then NGS-based RAD-sequencing technology was used to obtain 8,244 sequence-defined markers. A total of 4,214 scaffolds from the genome sequence was assembled and aligned with the genetic map.[18]
References

Kurlovich, B. S. (2002). Lupin Classification. In Lupins. Geography, classification, genetic resources and breeding.
USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Lupinus angustifolius". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
Gladstones, J.S.; Atkins, Hamblin (1998). Lupins as crop plants. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International. p. 353. ISBN 0-85199-224-2.
Trujillo, M. E., et al. (2006). Kribbella lupini sp. nov., isolated from the roots of Lupinus angustifolius Archived 2008-06-07 at the Wayback Machine. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56:407-11.
FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. "Lupinus angustifolius". Retrieved 29 November 2012.
Nicholas, Lorna (2020-05-18). "Wide Open Agriculture enters multi-billion-dollar plant-based protein market". Small Caps. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
Eckardt, Thomas; Haag, Franz; Dietrich, Regine (2002). "Der Einfluss von Wuchstyp, Saatzeitpunkt und Saatstärke auf den Kornertrag von Blauen Süsslupinen (Lupinus angustifolius)". Lupinen 2001:Ergebnisse aus Forschung, Anbau und Verwertung.
Gladstones, J.S.; Atkins, Hamblin (1998). Lupins as crop plants. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International. p. 304. ISBN 0-85199-224-2.
Gladstones, J.S.; Atkins, Hamblin (1998). Lupins as crop plants. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International. p. 303. ISBN 0-85199-224-2.
Gladstones, J.S.; Atkins, Hamblin (1998). Lupins as crop plants. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International. pp. 304–307. ISBN 0-85199-224-2.
French, R.J.; McCarthy, K.; Smart, W.L. (1994). "Optimum plant population densities for lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) in the wheatbelt of Western Australia". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 34 (4): 491–497. doi:10.1071/EA9940491.
Gladstones, J.S.; Atkins, Hamblin (1998). Lupins as crop plants. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International. p. 320. ISBN 0-85199-224-2.
Henderson, C.W.L. (1989). "Using a penetrometer to predict the effects of soil compaction on the growth and yield of wheat on uniform sandy soils". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 40 (3): 497–5008. doi:10.1071/AR9890497.
Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2018. Blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) seeds. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/23099
"Strong Growth Predicted for Lupin Protein Market as Demand for Plant-Based Foods Increases". vegconomist. 2020-09-07. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
Sujak, Agniesszka; Kotlarz, Anna; Strobel, Waclaw (2006). "Compositional and nutritional evaluation of several lupin seeds". Food Chemistry. 98 (4): 711–719. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.06.036.

Yang, Huaan; Tao, Ye; Zheng, Zequn; Zhang, Qisen; Zhou, Gaofeng; Sweetingham, Mark W.; Howieson, John G.; Li, Chengdao (29 May 2013). "Draft Genome Sequence, and a Sequence-Defined Genetic Linkage Map of the Legume Crop Species Lupinus angustifolius L". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e64799. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...864799Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064799. PMC 3667174. PMID 23734219.