Lilium martagon

Taxonavigation: Liliales
Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Liliales

Familia: Liliaceae
Subfamilia: Lilioideae
Genus: Lilium
Sectio: L. sect. Martagon
Species: Lilium martagon
Varietates: L. m. var. martagon – L. m. var. pilosiusculum
Name

Lilium martagon L. (1753)
Synonyms

Homotypic
Lilium versicolor Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 237 (1796), nom. superfl.

Hybridae

Lilium × dalhansonii auct., Garden (London 1871–1927) 1893: t. 927 (1893)

Formula hybridae: Lilium hansonii Leichtlin ex D.D.T.Moore, Rural New Yorker 24: 60 (1871) × Lilium martagon L., Sp. Pl.: 303 (1753)
Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe
Regional: Southeastern Europe
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania, South European Russi, Turkey-in-Europe, Ukraine, Yugoslavia
Regional: Southwestern Europe
Corse, France, Portugal, Spain
Regional: Middle Europe
Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Switzerland
Regional: Eastern Europe
Baltic States, Belarus, Central European Rus, East European Russia
Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: Middle Asia
Altay, Buryatiya, Irkutsk, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Xinjiang
Regional: Siberia
Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutskiya
Regional: Caucasus
Transcaucasus, North Caucasus
Regional: Western Asia
Turkey
Introduced into:
Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Great Britain, Norway, Québec, Sweden

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 303. Reference page.

Additional references

Ikinci, N., Oberprieler, C. & Güner, A. (2006). On the origin of European lilies: phylogenetic analysis of Lilium section Liriotypus (Liliaceae) using sequences of the nuclear ribosomal transcribed spacers. Willdenowia 36: 647-565.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2009. Lilium martagon in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2009 July 25. Reference page.
Emonocot.org 2013. Lilium martagon in The Orders and Families of Monocotyledons. Published online. Accessed: 2013 May 9.
Tropicos.org 2012. Lilium martagon. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 22 August 2012.
International Plant Names Index. 2012. Lilium martagon. Published online. Accessed: August 22 2012.

Vernacular names
Display the vernacular names:
Alemannisch: Türkenbund
العربية: زنبق بنفسجي
беларуская (тарашкевіца): Лілея кучаравая
беларуская: Лілея кучаравая
български: Петров кръст
bosanski: Vrtoglav
català: Marcòlic
čeština: lilie zlatohlavá
Cymraeg: Lili fartagon
dansk: Krans-Lilje
Deutsch: Türkenbund
English: Martagon Lily
Esperanto: Turbana lilio
español: Martagón
euskara: Zitori gorri
فارسی: سوسن سرخ
suomi: Varjolilja
français: Lis martagon
hrvatski: Zlatan
hornjoserbsce: Turkowska lilija
magyar: turbánliliom
íslenska: Túrbanlilja
italiano: Giglio martagone
日本語: マルタゴンリリー
қазақша: Бұйра лалагүл
lietuvių: Miškinė lelija
македонски: Буков крин
norsk bokmål: Martagonlilje
Nederlands: Turkse lelie
norsk nynorsk: Martagonlilje
norsk: Krøll-lilje
polski: lilia złotogłów
پښتو: سره غوړیانه
português: Martagão
русский: Лилия кудреватая
slovenčina: ľalia zlatohlavá
svenska: Krollilja
Türkçe: Türk zambağı
українська: Лілія лісова
中文（简体）: 欧洲百合
中文（繁體）: 歐洲百合
中文（臺灣）: 歐洲百合
中文: 欧洲百合

Lilium martagon, the martagon lily[2] or Turk's cap lily, is a Eurasian species of lily. It has a widespread native region extending from Portugal east through Europe and Asia as far east as Mongolia.[1][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

Description

It is stem-rooting, growing between 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) and 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall. The flower colour is typically a pink-purple, with dark spots, but is quite variable, extending from near white to near black. The flowers are scented. Numerous flowers are borne on each plant, and up to 50 can be found on vigorous plants. The green stems can be flushed with purple or red and the leaves are elliptic to inverse lanceolate, mostly in whorls, up to 16 centimetres (6.3 in) long and often lightly hairy underneath.[10][11]
Varieties

Numerous names have been proposed at the levels of subspecies and varieties. Only two are recognized by the World Checklist.[1]

Lilium martagon var. martagon – from Portugal to Mongolia
Lilium martagon var. pilosiusculum Freyn – Russia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Mongolia

Cultivation

Horticulturally it is in Division IX (true species).

This plant[12] has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[13]

Lilium martagon was used in hybridising with L. hansonii at the end of the 19th century by Mrs RO Backhouse of Hereford, England.[14]
Name

The name Turk's cap lily, also applied to a number of other species, comes from the characteristic reflexed shape of the petals.[15] The specific epithet martagon is of uncertain origin.[16] It has been suggested by one scholar (J.W. Redhouse (1892), that the word is of Ottoman Turkish origin, as mārtağān - a special kind of turban adopted by Sultan Muhammed.[17] However, the word is not found in modern Turkish.
Toxicity
Cats

Lilium martagon, like many in the genus, is highly toxic to cats and ingestion often leads to fatal kidney failure;[18][19][20] households and gardens which are visited by cats are strongly advised against keeping this plant or placing dried flowers where a cat may brush against them and become dusted with pollen which they then consume while cleaning. Suspected cases require urgent veterinary attention.[21] Rapid treatment with activated charcoal and/or induced vomiting can reduce the amount of toxin absorbed (this is time-sensitive so in some cases vets may advise doing it at home), and large amounts of fluid by IV can reduce damage to kidneys to increase the chances of survival.[21]
References

"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew".
BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
Altervista Flora Italiana, Giglio a turbante, Common Turk's Cap Lily, Lilium martagon L. includes many color photos plus European distribution map
Flora of China, Vol. 24 Page 137 新疆百合 xin jiang bai he Lilium martagon var. pilosiusculum Freyn, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 40: 224. 1890.
Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1980). Flora Europaea 5: 1-452. Cambridge University Press.
Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1984). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 8: 1-632. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
Czerepanov, S.K. (1995). Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (The Former USSR): 1-516. Cambridge University Press.
Grubov, V.I. (2001). Key to the Vascular Plants of Mongolia 1: 1-411. Science Publishers, Inc. Enfield, USA. Plymouth, U.K..
Ikinci, N., Oberprieler, C. & Güner, A. (2006). On the origin of European lilies: phylogenetic analysis of Lilium section Liriotypus (Liliaceae) using sequences of the nuclear ribosomal transcribed spacers. Willdenowia 36: 647-565.
Christopher Brickell (1996). The RHS Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 615. ISBN 0-7513-0436-0.
European Garden Flora, 1986.
"RHS Plant Selector - Lilium martagon". Retrieved 16 January 2021.
"AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 20. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
Andrew Mikolajski, The New Plant Library - Lilies, Lorenz Books, Anness Publishing Ltd, New York, 1998, p10, ISBN 1-85967-634-0
Allen J Coombes (1985). The Hamlyn Guide to Plant Names. Reed International Books. p. 118. ISBN 0-600-57545-4.
Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.
"martagon". Oxford English Dictionary online. OED. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
Frequently Asked Questions No Lilies For Cats.
Fitzgerald, KT (2010). "Lily toxicity in the cat". Top Companion Anim Med. 25 (4): 213–7. doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2010.09.006. PMID 21147474.
Turk's cap lily is pure delight The Guardian.
Lily Poisoning in Cats. Pet MD.