Lathyrus aphaca

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Fabales

Familia: Fabaceae
Subfamilia: Faboideae
Tribus: Fabeae
Genus: Lathyrus
Sectio: Lathyrus sect. Cicercula
Species: Lathyrus cicera
Name

Lathyrus cicera L., 1753
Synonyms

Cicercula anceps Moench
Cicercula cicera (L.) Alef.
Lathyrus aegeus Davidov
Lathyrus cicerinus St.-Lag.
Lathyrus dubius Ten.
Lathyrus erythrinus C.Presl
Lathyrus italicus Juss. ex Spreng.
Lathyrus pilosus Steud. & Hochst. ex Rchb.
Lathyrus purpureus C.Presl
Lathyrus siculus Steud.
Lathyrus szowitsii Boiss.
Pisum rubrum E.H.L.Krause

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: Middle Asia
Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Pakistan, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan
Regional: Western Asia
Cyprus, East Aegean Is., Iran, Iraq, Kriti, Lebanon-Syria, North Caucasus, Palestine, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkmenistan
Continental: Europe
Regional: Southeastern Europe
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Krym, Romania, Sicilia, South European Russia, Turkey-in-Europe, Ukraine, Yugoslavia
Regional: Southeastern Europe
Corse, Baleares, France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain
Regional: Middle Europe
Switzerland
Continental: Africa
Regional: Northern Africa
Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
Introduced into:
Austria, California, Canary Is., Chile Central, Czechoslovakia, Madeira

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 730. Reference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Lathyrus cicera in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2020 Nov 26. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2020. Lathyrus cicera. Published online. Accessed: Nov 26 2020.
Tropicos.org 2020. Lathyrus cicera. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 26 Nov 2020.
Catalogue of Life: 2021 Annual Checklist
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Lathyrus cicera in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 07-Oct-06.

Vernacular names
English: red pea, red vetchling, flatpod peavine
español: almorta de monte
suomi: Purppuranätkelmä
magyar: Csicserilednek

Lathyrus cicera is a species of wild pea known by the common names red pea,[1] red vetchling[2] and flatpod peavine. It is native to Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, and it is known from other places as an introduced species. This is a hairless annual herb producing a slightly winged stem. The leaves are each made up of two leaflike linear leaflets 3 to 6 centimeters (1.2 to 2.4 in) long. They also bear branched, curling tendrils. The inflorescence holds a single pea flower 1 to 1.5 centimeters (0.39 to 0.59 in) wide which is a varying shade of red. The fruit is a hairless dehiscent legume pod.

This is one pea species known to cause lathyrism; nevertheless, as cicerchia it figured among the comestibles enjoyed by the fortunate Milanese, listed at length by Bonvesin de la Riva in his "Marvels of Milan" (1288).[3]
References

USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Lathyrus cicera". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
Noted by John Dickie, Delizia! The Epic History of Italians and Their Food (New York, 2008), p. 37.

Lathyrus aphaca, known as the yellow pea or yellow vetchling, is an annual species in the family Fabaceae with yellow flowers and solitary, pea-like fruits. It originated in the Middle East and has spread throughout Europe and beyond as a weed of cultivated fields and roadsides. The fruits are eaten as a supplement to diets in some parts of South Asia but are narcotic and potentially toxic in large quantities.

Description

Lathyrus aphaca, known as the yellow pea or yellow vetchling, is an annual species in the family Fabaceae (formerly Leguminosae). Plants grow to about 100 cm tall, are pale green to glaucous, glabrous, and have angled but unwinged stems. The leaves are reduced to simple (unbranched) tendrils and what look like leaves are actually stipules, which are ovate-hastate in shape and up to 50 mm long. The flowers are usually solitary and yellow (often streaked with violet), 10–13 mm in length, and held on long (up to 50 mm) stalks branching from the leaf axils. The flowers, which are bisexual, have 10 stamens and 1 style. Lathyrus aphaca is diploid, with 14 chromosomes.[2][3]
Distribution and habitat

It is believed to have evolved in the Middle East, around Syria and Jordan, along with other leguminous species which have a centre of diversity in that region.[4][5] Edible species of pea were first cultivated in the Fertile Crescent, while weeds such as L. aphaca are believed to have adapted naturally to an arable or similar human-disturbed habitat between about 23,000 and 11,000 years ago.[6] Lathyrus aphaca itself has some advantages as a farmland weed, being able to fix nitrogen and thus help to fertilise the soil, as well as being edible in small quantities if present in the grain harvest,[7] although it is narcotic when consumed in larger amounts.

The native habitat of L. aphaca is most likely to be the dry, limestone scrubland in the Middle East sometimes known as phrygana or garrigue. In these countries it is found in both wild and cultivated habitats.[8] It can be an aggressive agricultural weed, infesting mainly wheat,[9] but also other crops, such as sugarcane in Pakistan.[10] The expansion of farming over the last 10,000 years allowed L. aphaca to increase its range to southern Asia, as far as Bangladesh, and southern Europe as far as Portugal and even the Azores.[11] In these regions it is often considered native, but it is more likely that it is an ancient introduction, or archaeophyte, which has found a natural or semi-natural analogue of its phrygana habitat, where it can persist in the wild. In Portugal it is considered native only in the Calcareous Western Centre biome,[12] despite being present throughout the country as an agricultural weed. It is more likely that it is a well-established archaeophyte there.

In northern Europe, L. aphaca has not generally found any semi-natural analogue of its native arid scrub habitat. In Poland it is described as occurring ‘in a different type of habitats, e.g. in the vegetation of forest edges representing the Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei class, on dry lawns, transport route edges (especially along railway lines), in orchards, arable fields and fallows.'[13] Since the early 20th century, it has gone into decline throughout Europe due to improved seed cleaning techniques, and it has largely been eradicated from cereal crops. In the Netherlands, it has declined by 75-100% since 1950,[14] and in Germany and Poland there is a similar story. Meanwhile, however, it has become established as an agricultural weed further afield, in the United States, South Africa and Australia (GBIF, 2021).[15]
In the United Kingdom
Sward of Lathyrus aphaca at Swanscombe

In Britain, L. aphaca has been recorded since 1632,[16] when it was found by Thomas Johnson ‘near Gravesend.’ This is sufficiently early to earn it a place as either a native or a long-naturalised arable weed (archaeophyte), as opposed to a recent introduction neophyte. In the absence of any further information, therefore, British authors are free to describe it as a native or an introduced plant as they choose. A semi-natural habitat suggests that it is native, whereas an arable field says ‘archaeophyte’. Roadsides are difficult to interpret, and there are many weeds of roadsides which are considered native in various regions across Britain despite the obvious route of introduction. This uncertainty is nicely summed up by Rumsey,[17] who writes ‘[it] may be a long-established introduction rather than a native species… and may have been introduced as a seed contaminant of leguminous crops.’ It is, however, usually treated as native and it is classified as VU (Vulnerable) in the Red List.[18]

In 2021 Natural England designated Swanscombe Peninsula in Kent a Site of Special Scientific Interest, partly for its population of yellow vetchling.[19]
References

"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 7 March 2015.
Stace, C.A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles. Suffolk. ISBN 978-1-5272-2630-2.
Sell, Peter (2009). Flora of Great Britain and Ireland, vol 3. ISBN 978-0-521-55337-7.
Lie, T.A. (1987). "Co-evolution of the legume-Rhizobium association". Plant Soil. 100: 171–181. doi:10.1007/BF02370940.
Smýkal, Petr (2015). "Legume Crops Phylogeny and Genetic Diversity for Science and Breeding". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 34: 1–3, 43–104. doi:10.1080/07352689.2014.897904.
Snir, A. (2015). "The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming". PLoS ONE. 10: e0131422. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131422.
Dubey, C. (2008). "Nutritional and antinutritional evaluation of forest and hybrid legume seeds". Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 7: 2900–2905.
Danin, A. "2010". Flora of Israel Online. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
Aamir, M. (2019). "Germination Ecology of Lathyrus aphaca, a Problematic Weed of Wheat Crop under Semi-Arid Conditions of Pakistan". Planta Daninha. 37. doi:10.1590/S0100-83582019370100048.
Khan, R.U. (2012). "Weed flora of sugarcane in district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Pakistan". Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research. 18: 541–552.
RBG Kew. "Plants of the World Online". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
Anon. (1973). Proceedings of the VII Flora Europaea Symposium, Coimbra, 22-31 May, 1972.
Nobis, A. (2011). "Lathyrus aphaca L.: the distribution, habitats and remarks on the status of the species in Poland". Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 80: 237–244. doi:10.5586/asbp.2011.012.
Sparrius, L. "Rode Lijst Vaatplanten 2012 volgens Nederlandse en IUCN-criteria". Retrieved 8 January 2022.
GBIF. "Lathyrus aphaca L."
Clarke, W.A. (1900). First Records of British Flowering Plants. London: West, Newman & Co.
Stewart, A. (1974). Scarce Plants in Britain. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
"The Vascular Plant Red Data List for Great Britain".
"Notification under Section 28C of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981" (PDF). Natural England.

Plants of Cyprus