Juglandaceae

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Fagales

Familia: Juglandaceae
Subfamiliae: Engelhardioideae – Juglandoideae
Genera: Alfaroa – Alfaropsis – Carya – Cyclocarya – Engelhardia – Juglans – Oreomunnea – Platycarya – Pterocarya – Rhoiptelea
Palaeogenera: †Beardia – †Cruciptera – †Palaeocarya – †Palaeoplatycarya – †Pugetia – †Vinea

Name

Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb, Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 143 (1818), nom. cons. (as "Juglandeae")

Type genus: Juglans L. Sp. Pl. 2: 997. (1753)

Note: Alfaropsis is accepted as synonym of Engelhardia by Govaerts et al. (2020) and Hassler et al. (2020), but without citations.
Synonyms

Heterotypic
Engelhardtiaceae Reveal & Doweld, Novon 9: 552 (1999).
Platycaryaceae Nakai ex Doweld, Byull. Mosk. Obshch. Ispyt. Prir., Biol. 105(5): 59 (2000).

References
Primary references

De Candolle, A.P.; Perleb, K.J. (transl. & comment.) 1818. Versuch über die Arzneikräfte der Pflanzen verglichen mit den äusseren Formen und der natürlichen Klasseneintheilung derselben. 450 pp. Sauerländer, Aarau MDZ Reference page. (!143)

Additional references

Manchester, S.R. 1994. Fruits and seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon. Palaeontographica Americana 58: 1–205. BHL PDF Reference page. 
Manning, W. E. (1978). The classification within the Juglandaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 65: 1058–1087. BHL Reference page. 
Manos, P. S., & Stone, D. E. 2001. Evolution, phylogeny, and systematics of the Juglandaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88 (2): 231–269. BHL Reference page. 
Manos, P. S., Soltis, P. S., Soltis, D. E., Manchester, S. R., Oh, S.-H., Bell, C. D., Dilcher, D. L., & Stone, D. E. 2007. Phylogeny of extant and fossil Juglandaceae inferred from the integration of molecular and morphological data sets. Systematic Biology 56 (3): 412–430. DOI: 10.1080/10635150701408523 Full text PDFReference page. 
Stone, D.E. 2010. Review of New World Alfaroa and Old World Alfaropsis (Juglandaceae). Novon 20(2): 215–224. DOI: 10.3417/2009027 BHL Reference page. 
Doweld, A.B. 2013. (2190) Proposal to conserve the name Juglandicarya against Hybothya with a conserved type (fossil Juglandaceae). Taxon 62(4): 843. DOI: 10.12705/624.24 Reference page. 
Wing, S.L. & Hickey, L.J. 1984. The Platycarya perplex and the evolution of the Juglandaceae. American Journal of Botany 71(3): 388–411. DOI: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1984.tb12525.x JSTOR ResearchGate PDF. Reference page. 
Wolfe, J.A. 1968. Paleogene biostratigraphy of nonmarine rocks in King County, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 571.

Links

Stevens, P.F. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 [and more or less continuously updated since]. Online. Reference page. 

Vernacular names
ܐܪܡܝܐ: ܓܘܙܐ
العربية: جوزية
azərbaycanca: Qozkimilər
български: Орехови
català: Juglandàcies
čeština: Ořešákovité
dansk: Valnød-familien
Deutsch: Walnussgewächse
Ελληνικά: Καρυοειδή
English: Walnut family
Esperanto: Juglandacoj
español: Juglandáceas
eesti: Pähklipuulised
فارسی: گردوییان
suomi: Jalopähkinäkasvit
Nordfriisk: Walnödplaanten
français: Juglandacées
galego: Xuglandáceas
hrvatski: Orahovke
magyar: Diófafélék
日本語: クルミ科
ქართული: კაკლისებრნი
қазақша: Жаңғақтар тұқымдасы
한국어: 가래나무과
kurdî: Famîleya dargûzan
lietuvių: Riešutmediniai
македонски: Ореви
Nederlands: Okkernootfamilie
norsk: Valnøttfamilien
polski: Orzechowate
پنجابی: کھوڑ
Runa Simi: Tuqti yura rikch'aq ayllu
русский: Ореховые
slovenčina: Orechovité
slovenščina: Orehovke
српски / srpski: Orahovke
svenska: Valnötsväxter
ไทย: วงศ์ค่าหด
українська: Горіхові
oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча: Yongʻoqdoshlar
Tiếng Việt: Họ Óc chó
中文: 胡桃科

The Juglandaceae are a plant family known as the walnut family. They are trees, or sometimes shrubs, in the order Fagales. Members of this family are native to the Americas, Eurasia, and Southeast Asia.

The nine or ten genera in the family have a total of around 50 species,[3] and include the commercially important nut-producing trees walnut (Juglans), pecan (Carya illinoinensis), and hickory (Carya). The Persian walnut, Juglans regia, is one of the major nut crops of the world. Walnut, hickory, and gaulin are also valuable timber trees while pecan wood is also valued as cooking fuel.

Description

Members of the walnut family have large, aromatic leaves that are usually alternate, but opposite in Alfaroa and Oreomunnea. The leaves are pinnately compound or ternate, and usually 20–100 cm long. The trees are wind-pollinated, and the flowers are usually arranged in catkins.

The fruits of the Juglandaceae are often confused with drupes but are accessory fruit because the outer covering of the fruit is technically an involucre and thus not morphologically part of the carpel; this means it cannot be a drupe but is instead a drupe-like nut.[4]

Nut of Juglans regia

Nut of Juglans regia
Foliage and seed catkin of Platycarya strobilacea

Foliage and seed catkin of Platycarya strobilacea

Taxonomy

The known living genera are grouped into subfamilies, tribes, and subtribes as follows:[5]

Subfamily Rhoipteleoideae Reveal
Rhoiptelea Diels & Hand.-Mazz. 1932[6]
Subfamily Engelhardioideae Iljinskaya 1990
Alfaroa Standl. 1927—gaulin
Engelhardia Lesch. ex Blume 1825–1826—cheo
Oreomunnea Oerst. 1856
Subfamily Juglandoideae Eaton 1836
Tribe Platycaryeae Nakai 1933
Platycarya Siebold & Zucc. 1843
Tribe Juglandeae Rchb. 1832
Subtribe Caryinae D.E. Stone & P. S. Manos 2001
Carya Nutt. 1818—hickory and pecan
Annamocarya A.Chev. 1941 (sometimes included in Carya)
Subtribe Juglandinae D.E. Stone & P. S. Manos 2001
Cyclocarya Iljinsk 1953—wheel wingnut
Juglans L. 1753—walnut
Pterocarya Kunth 1824—wingnut

Systematics

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:[7]
 
 

	Myricaceae (outgroup)   Juglandaceae Rhoipteleoideae Rhoiptelea     Engelhardioideae   Engelhardia       Alfaroa     Oreomunnea       Juglandoideae     Carya     Annamocarya         Platycarya       Cyclocarya       Pterocarya     Juglans

 
 
References

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
"Family: Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-01-17. Archived from the original on 2015-10-03. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
John Derek Bewley, Michael Black, Peter Halmer (2006) The Encyclopedia of Seeds: Science, Technology And Uses
Manos, P. S.; D. E. Stone (2001). "Evolution, phylogeny and systematics of the Juglandaceae" (PDF). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 88 (2): 231–269. doi:10.2307/2666226. JSTOR 2666226.
"GRIN Genera of Juglandaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
Xiang XG, Wang W, Li RQ, Lin L, Liu Y, Zhou ZK, Li ZY, Chen ZD (2014). "Large-scale phylogenetic analyses reveal fagalean diversification promoted by the interplay of diaspores and environments in the Paleogene". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 16 (3): 101–110. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2014.03.001.