Grammatophyllum

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

Familia: Orchidaceae
Subfamilia: Epidendroideae
Tribus: Cymbidieae
Subtribus: Cymbidiinae
Genus: Grammatophyllum
Overview of species (13)

G. elegans – G. kinabaluense – G. martae – G. measuresianum – G. multiflorum – G. pantherinum – G. ravanii – G. rumphianum – G. schmidtianum – G. scriptum – G. speciosum – G. stapeliiflorum – G. wallisii
Name

Grammatophyllum Blume, Bijdr.: 377 (1825)

Type species: Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume, Bijdr.: 378 (1825)

Synonymy

Heterotypic
Gabertia Gaudich., Voy. Uranie: 425 (1829)
Pattonia Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 5: t. 1750 (1851)
Sadokum D.Tiu & Cootes, Austral. Orchid Rev. 72(6): 39 (2007)

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Asia-Tropical
Indo-China
Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.
Malesia
Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Maluku, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatera.
Papuasia
Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea, Solomon Islands.
Pacific
Northwestern Pacific
Marianas.
Southwestern Pacific
Fiji, Santa Cruz Islands.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Blume, C.L. 1825. Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 6: t. 2, f. 20.
Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F.N. (eds.) 2014. Genera Orchidacearum Volume 5: Epidendroideae (Part two); page 68 ff., Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850713-0

Additional references

Tiu, D.A. (2009) Deciphering the Scriptures on Philippine Grammatophyllum: 1–93. PCARRD-DOST, Los Baños, Philippines.

Links

Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2021. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset. Taxon: Grammatophyllum. Accessed: 2021 May 25.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Grammatophyllum in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 May 25. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Grammatophyllum in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 May 25. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2021. Grammatophyllum. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 May 25. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Grammatophyllum. Published online. Accessed: 25 May 2021.
Philippine Orchidaceae Genera D to M Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines. [Online Database of Philippine Plants]
Tropicos.org 2021. Grammatophyllum. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 May 25.

Vernacular names

перем коми: Грамматофиллум
коми: Грамматофиллум
lietuvių: Raštuolė
кырык мары: Грамматофиллум
русский: Грамматофиллум
ไทย: สกุลเพชรหึง
удмурт: Грамматофиллум

Grammatophyllum, sometimes abbreviated in horticultural trade as Gram, is a genus of 13 currently known orchid species. The name is derived from the Greek words 'gramma' (a line or streak or mark) and 'phyllon' (leaf), referring to the parallel leaf veins[2] or the markings of the perianth.[3] This epiphytic genus occurs in dense rainforest from Indo-China, to, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea, and the Southwest Pacific islands.[1]

The species produce several racemes, arising from the base of the pseudobulb, with many yellow-green to olive-green, waxy flowers with dark purplish-red marks. The pseudobulbs are enveloped by sheaths.

These are medium-sized to very large orchids, including the giant orchid (Grammatophyllum speciosum), believed to be the largest orchid species in existence. Its pseudobulbs can grow to a length of 2.5 m. Plants can develop into gigantic clusters weighing from several hundred kilograms to one ton. The roots form spectacular bundles.

The more modest bell orchid (Grammatophyllum scriptum) is another well-known species, with pseudobulbs of 20 cm, from which originate 3 to 4 stout leaves with a length of 1 m.

Grammatophyllum multiflorum is one of the longest-blooming orchids in existence: it can be in bloom for nine months. See also Dendrobium cuthbertsonii, whose flowers have been reported to last up to ten months each.

Grammatophyllum 'Tiger's paw' is a hybrid from G. elegans and G. fenzlianum.

Species
Grammatophyllum speciosum in the Bogor Botanical Gardens in, Indonesia

Grammatophyllum elegans (Fiji and Philippines).
Grammatophyllum kinabaluense (Sabah).
Grammatophyllum martae (Philippines)
Grammatophyllum measuresianum (Philippines, Borneo)
Grammatophyllum multiflorum (Philippines)
Grammatophyllum pantherinum (Borneo, Maluku, Philippines, New Guinea, Solomons, Bismarcks)
Grammatophyllum ravanii (Philippines)
Grammatophyllum rumphianum (Borneo, Maluku).
Grammatophyllum schmidtianum (Marianas).
Grammatophyllum scriptum : Bell orchid (Malaysia to SW. Pacific).
Grammatophyllum speciosum : Giant orchid, tiger orchid, Queen of Orchids (Indo-China to Solomon Is.) - type species
Grammatophyllum stapeliiflorum (Malaysia, Philippines to New Guinea).
Grammatophyllum wallisii (Philippines )