Gerbera jamesonii

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids II
Ordo: Geraniales

Familia: Geraniaceae
Genus: Geranium
Subgenus: G. subg. Geranium
Sectio: G. sect. Geranium
Species: Geranium rotundifolium
Name

Geranium rotundifolium L., Sp. Pl.: 683 (1753).
Synonyms

Heterotypic
Geranium core Kostel., Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 5: 1900 (1836).
Geranium malvaceum Wahlenb., Fl. Suec. 2: 452 (1826).
Geranium pinnatifidum Picard, Mém. Soc. Agric. Boulogne-Sur-Mer, sér. 2, 1: 125 (1837).
Geranium propinquum Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 310 (1796).
Geranium strictum Picard, Mém. Soc. Agric. Boulogne-Sur-Mer, sér. 2, 1: 124 (1837).
Geranium subrotundum Ehrh. ex Hoffm., Deutschl. Fl. Bot. Taschenb. 3: 65 (1800).
Geranium viscidulum Fr., Novit. Fl. Suec. Alt.: 216 (1828).

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Eurasia & Africa
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Austria, Azores, Baleares, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Corse, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, East Aegean Is., Egypt, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Kriti, Krym, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Madeira, Morocco, Northwest European Russia, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Sardegna, Saudi Arabia, Sicilia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, West Himalaya, Xinjiang, Yugoslavia
Introduced into:
Argentina Northeast, California, Cape Provinces, Cape Verde, Colorado, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Kansas, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Primorye, Tasmania, Uruguay

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 683. Reference page.

Additional references

Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) 2003. Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14: i–vi, 1–1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. ISBN 1-919795-99-5. PDF (97 MB) Reference page.
Govaerts, R.H.A. 2003. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [unavailable for the public] Reference page.
Aedo, C. 2012. Revision of Geranium (Geraniaceae) in the New World. Systematic Botany Monographs 95: 1–550. JSTOR Reference page.
Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. 2012. Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du Nord. Volume 4: Dicotyledoneae: Fabaceae – Nymphaeaceae. Conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève, ISBN 978-2-8277-0126-1, 431 pp. PDF Reference page.

Links

Hassler, M. 2020. Geranium rotundifolium. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2020. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 July 27. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Geranium rotundifolium in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2020 July 27. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2020. Geranium rotundifolium. Published online. Accessed: 27 July 2020.

Vernacular names
العربية: غرنوقي دائري الأوراق
беларуская: Герань круглалістая
Deutsch: Rundblättriger Storchschnabel
English: Round-leaved Crane's-bill
Esperanto: Rondfolia geranio
español: Sausana
eesti: Ümaralehine kurereha
suomi: Pyörökurjenpolvi
français: Géranium à feuilles rondes
hornjoserbsce: Kulojta pyskawa
italiano: Geranio malvaccino
Nederlands: Ronde Ooievaarsbek
svenska: Klibbnäva
Türkçe: Yuvarlak yapraklı turnagagası
українська: Журавець круглолистий
中文: 圆叶老鹳草

Gerbera jamesonii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Gerbera belonging to the basal Mutisieae tribe within the large Asteraceae (or Compositae) family.[1] It is indigenous to South Eastern Africa and commonly known as the Barberton daisy,[2] the Transvaal daisy, and as Barbertonse madeliefie or Rooigousblom in Afrikaans. It was the first species of Gerbera to be the subject of a scientific description, studied by J. D. Hooker in Curtis's Botanical Magazine in 1889.

Etymology

The genus was named in honour of German botanist and medical doctor Traugott Gerber (1710 — 1743).[3]

The Gerbera jamesonii was named in honour of Robert Jameson, who collected the plant near Barberton. The species epithet was proposed by the prominent South African botanist Harry Bolus, but first published by Richard Wills Adlam in 1888, so should be ascribed to him.
Description

Gerbera jamesonii is a tufted perennial herb with the naked flowering scapes up to 75 cm high. Petiolate, deeply undulating or lobed leaves are 15–42 (up to 68) cm long and 4–14 cm wide, gathered in rosette. The plant produces spectacular flowers (capitula) of 4–5 cm in diameter with normally orange-red (rarely yellow, orange, white, pink) ray florets. It flowers from September to December, reproduces asexually. The seeds have a pappus of bristles.[4]
Distribution

Gerbera jamesonii is endemic to Mpumalanga, Limpopo and Eswatini. The plant is introduced into several countries of Latin America, Equatorial Africa and Southeast Asia.[5]
Ecology

The species grows from 500 to 1670 m above sea level on rocky slopes in woodland, usually in some shade or under bushes and trees.[6] The flowers are pollinated by bees and other insects. The seeds are light and easily dispersed by wind.[7]
Uses
The species is the ancestor of all cultivated forms of Gerbera, or they originate from the cross Gerbera jamesonii and Gerbera viridifolia, originally made by R. I. Lynch in Cambridge, England about 1890.[8] He named the hybrid as Gerbera × cantebrigiensis, known today as Gerbera x hybrida. Nowadays thousands of cultivars exist and they are the important article of trade belonging to the most important ornamental crops in the world together with rose, chrysanthemum, carnation, lily and tulip. The popular cultivars include "Sazou", "Sangria", "Rosalin", "Pink Elegance", "Tropic Blend", "Piton", "Winter Queen", "Savannah", "Primrose" and many others. They are propagated by tissue culture and by seeds.

In culture

The flag and coat of arms of the Province of Mpumalanga include a depiction of this flower.[9]
Pests
Fungi

Foot rot caused by Phytophthora tentaculata[10]
Root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium irregulare.[11]
Grey mildew caused by Botrytis cinerea[12]
White powdery mildew caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum[13]
Leaf blight caused by Alternaria alternata,[14] A. citri, A. tennuisssima.
Leaf spots caused by Ascochyta gerberae, Gloeosporium spp. and other fungi.

Innsects

Plant lice Aphids.
Leafminer Liriomyza trifolii.
Greenhouse whiteflies Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci.
Thrips Thrips tabaci and Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis.

Mites

Spider mite Tetranychus urticae[15]
Broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus.
Cyclamen mite Steneotarsonemus pallidus.[16]

References

"Gerbera jamesonii". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved October 7, 2007.
Siyabona Africa http://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_barberton_daisy.html
"Traugott Gerber". Gerbera.org.
Manning, John (March 29, 2019). Field guide to wild flowers of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Cape Town: Struik Nature. p. 406. ISBN 9781770077584.
"Gerbera jamesonii Bolus". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science.
"Barberton Daisy". Gerbera.org. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
"Gerbera jamesonii". pza.sanbi.org. PlantZAfrica. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
"Lynch, Richard Irwin (1850–1924), horticulturist and botanist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/96825. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
"Mpumalanga Province, South Africa". www.fotw.info.
Cristinzio, G.; Camele, I.; Marcone, C. (2006). "First report of Phytophthora tentaculata on gerbera in Italy [Campania]". Informatore Fitopatologico (Italy) (in Italian).
Krober, H.; Plate, H. (1975). "Pythium species as well as Rhizoctonia solani as pathogens of Gerbera". Biology: 150–152. S2CID 82432367. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
van Kan, J. A. L.; van 't Klooster, J. W.; Wagemakers, C. A. M.; Dees, D. C. T.; van der Vlugt-Bergmans, C. J. B. (January 1997). "Cutinase A of Botrytis cinerea is Expressed, but not Essential, During Penetration of Gerbera and Tomato". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 10 (1): 30–38. doi:10.1094/MPMI.1997.10.1.30. PMID 9002270.
"Gerbera Daisy-Powdery Mildew". Pacific Northwest Pest Management Handbooks. 11 September 2015.
Bhat, Hilal Ahmad; Ahmad, Khurshid; Ahanger, Rayees A. (18 March 2013). "Status and symptomatology of Alternaria leaf blight (Alternaria alternata) of Gerbera (Gerbera jamisonii) in Kashmir valley". African Journal of Agricultural Research. 8 (9): 819–823.
Krips, O. E.; Willems, P. E. L.; Gols, R.; Posthumus, M. A.; Dicke, M. (1999). "The Response of Phytoseiulus persimilis to Spider Mite-Induced Volatiles from Gerbera: Influence of Starvation and Experience". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 25 (12): 2623–2641. doi:10.1023/A:1020887104771. S2CID 34957958.
Smith, Floyd F. (1939). "Control of cyclamen and broad mites on Gerbera". U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.64321.