Fritillaria meleagris

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Liliales

Familia: Liliaceae
Subfamilia: Lilioideae
Genus: Fritillaria
Species: Fritillaria meleagris
Name

Fritillaria meleagris L., Sp. Pl. 1: 304. 1753.
Synonyms

Homotypic
Fritillaria tesselata Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 236. 1796, nom. superfl.
Lilium meleagris (L.) E.H.L.Krause in J.Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 1: 91. 1906.
Heterotypic
Fritillaria pallida Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 237. 1796.
Fritillaria graminifolia Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 2: 235. 1812.
Fritillaria tesselata var. alba Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 174. 1821 publ. 1822.
Fritillaria tesselata var. lutea Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 174. 1821 publ. 1822.
Fritillaria tesselata var. multiflora Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 174. 1821 publ. 1822.
Fritillaria tesselata var. serotina Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 174. 1821 publ. 1822.
Fritillaria lutea Rchb., Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 10: t. 975. 1848, nom. illeg.
Fritillaria praecox hort. ex K.Koch, Index Seminum (B, Berolinensis) 1855(App.): 10. 1855.
Fritillaria montana Sanguin., Atti Accad. Pontan. 15: 29. 1862, nom. illeg.
Fritillaria major Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 254. 1874.
Fritillaria contorta Baker, Gard. Chron., n.s., 25: 681. 1886.
Fritillaria meleagris var. contorta (Baker) W.Mill. in L.H.Bailey, Cycl. Amer. Hort.: 611. 1900.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:
References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 304. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2018. Fritillaria meleagris in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 Sep 18. Reference page.

Vernacular names
azərbaycanca: Şahmatşəkilli laləvər
български: шахматовидна ведрица
català: Fritil·lària meleagris, Fritiŀlària meleagris, Fritil·lària meleagris L.
čeština: řebčík kostkovaný
Cymraeg: britheg
dansk: Almindelig Vibeæg
Deutsch: Schachblume, Gemeine Schachblume, Schachbrettblume, Kiebitzei
English: snake's head fritillary, snake's head, chess flower, frog-cup, guinea-hen flower, guinea flower, leper lily, Lazarus bell, chequered lily, chequered daffodil, drooping tulip, fritillary
español: fritillaria meleagris
فارسی: لاله واژگون کله‌ماری
suomi: Kirjopikarililja
français: Fritillaire pintade, Oeuf de pintade, Œuf de pintade, Fritillaire damier
hrvatski: Obična kockavica
hornjoserbsce: Wšědna woknješička, Woknate róže
magyar: Mocsári kockásliliom, kotuliliom, kockásliliom
հայերեն: Արքայապսակ շախմատային, արքայածաղիկ, սութմա կակաչ
íslenska: Vepjulilja
日本語: フリチラリア・メレアグリス
қазақша: Кіші сепкілгүл
한국어: 사두패모
lietuvių: Paprastoji margutė
norsk bokmål: Rutelilje
Nedersaksies: Kieftsbloeme
Nederlands: Kievitsbloem, Fritellaria, Wilde kievitsbloem
polski: Szachownica kostkowata
română: Laleaua Pestriță, Laleaua pestriţă
русский: Рябчик шахматный
slovenčina: korunka kockovaná
slovenščina: Močvirski tulipan, Močvirska logarica
svenska: Kungsängslilja, Damspelslilja
українська: Рябчик великий, Рябчик шаховий
中文（简体）: 花格贝母
中文（繁體）: 花格貝母
中文（臺灣）: 花格貝母
中文: 花格貝母, 阿爾泰貝母, 小貝母, 花格贝母, 蛇頭貝母, 珠雞斑貝母, 阿尔泰贝母

Fritillaria meleagris is a Eurasian species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae.[2][3][4] Its common names include snake's head fritillary, snake's head (the original English name), chess flower, frog-cup, guinea-hen flower, guinea flower, leper lily (because its shape resembled the bell once carried by lepers), Lazarus bell, chequered lily, chequered daffodil, drooping tulip or, in the British Isles, simply fritillary.[5] The plant is a bulbous perennial[6] native to the flood river plains of Europe where it grows in abundance.[7]

Etymology

The Latin specific epithet meleagris means "spotted like a guineafowl".[8] The common name "snake's head" probably refers to the somewhat snakelike appearance of the nodding flower heads, especially when in bud, on their long stems.
Description and habitat

The flower has a chequered pattern in shades of purple, or is sometimes pure white.[8] It flowers from March to May and grows between 15–40 cm (6–16 in) in height. The plant has a button-shaped bulb, about 2 cm (0.79 in) in diameter, containing poisonous alkaloids. It grows in grasslands in damp soils and river meadows at altitudes up to 800 m (2,625 ft).
Distribution

Fritillaria meleagris is native to Europe and western Asia but in many places it is an endangered species that is rarely found in the wild but is commonly grown in gardens. In Croatia, the flower is known as kockavica and is associated by some with the country's national symbol.[9] It is the official flower of the Swedish province of Uppland, where it grows in large quantities every spring in the meadows of Kungsängen (King's Meadow), just outside Uppsala, which gives the flower its Swedish name, kungsängslilja ("king's meadow lily"). It is also found for example in Sandemar Nature Reserve, a nature reserve west of Dalarö in Stockholm Archipelago.
United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom there is some disagreement amongst botanists as to whether F. meleagris is a native species or a long-established garden escapee. The plant was first described in the 16th century by herbalist John Gerard who had only known of it as a garden plant and it was not recorded in the wild until 1736, which has led some to argue that it must be an escapee.[10] However, the fact that its habitat is usually confined to ancient hay meadows and it does not easily spread to adjoining land, leads others to the conclusion that it is a native species which became isolated from the European population when Britain was cut off from mainland Europe after the last glacial period.[10] Clive Stace (2010) says that it is "doubtfully native".[11]

The plant was once abundant in the UK, particularly in the Thames Valley and parts of Wiltshire, and was collected in vast quantities to be sold as a cut flower in the markets of London, Oxford and Birmingham. During World War II most of the ancient meadows were ploughed up and turned over to the production of food crops, destroying much of the plant's habitat.[10] A popular garden plant, it is now rare in the wild, although there are some notable sites where it is still found, such as the meadows at Magdalen College, Iffley Meadows,[12] Oxford and the Oxfordshire village of Ducklington,[10] which holds a "Fritillary Sunday" festival.[13] It is also found in the North Meadow National Nature Reserve, Wiltshire, Clattinger Farm Nature Reserve, Wiltshire[14] and Fox Fritillary Meadow and Mickfield Meadow nature reserves in Suffolk.[15][16][17] In 2002 it was chosen as the County flower of Oxfordshire following a poll by the wild flora conservation charity Plantlife.[18]
Cultivation

Now easily available as an ornamental spring bulb for the garden, it is commonly sold as a mixture of different coloured cultivars. The species[19] and the pure white-flowered variety F. meleagris var. unicolor subvar. alba[20] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[21]

Like many plants in the lily family, F. meleagris is susceptible to the scarlet lily beetle, which can seriously damage or kill it.

Notes and references

Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
Pavlov, N.V. (ed.) (1958). Flora Kazakhstana 2: 1-290. Alma-Ata, Izd-vo Akademii nauk Kazakhskoi SSR.
Malyschev L.I. & Peschkova, G.A. (eds.) (2001). Flora of Siberia 4: 1-238. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Fritillaria
"Fritillary:Fritillaria meleagris". Plantlife.love. The Wildflower Garden. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
"Fritillaria meleagris - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
"Fritillaria meleagris - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
Anon. "Gardens:Rosemoor:Fritillaria meleagris". Royal Horticultural Society website. Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
Petrovčić G. (2006-05-20). "Ugrožena kockavica, nacionalni simbol Hrvatske" [Kockavica, the national symbol of Croatia, is endangered]. Vjesnik (in Croatian). Retrieved 2011-02-08.[permanent dead link]
Mabey, Richard; Produced by Susan Marling (10 July 2011). "Snake's Head Fritillary". Mabey in the Wild. Just So radio production for BBC Radio4. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
Stace, Clive (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 857. ISBN 978-0-521-70772-5.
Anon. "Iffley Meadows". Berks, Bucks & Oxon Wildlife Trust. Berks, Bucks & Oxon Wildlife Trust. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
Onon. "Fritillary Sunday". St Bartholomew's Church. St Bartholomew's Church. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
"Clattinger Farm Wildlife". Wiltshire Wildlife Trust. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
Fox Fritillary Meadow, Framsden, SSSI citation, Natural England. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
Fox Fritillary Meadow, Suffolk Wildlife Trust. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
Mickfield Meadow, SSSI citation, Natural England. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
Plantlife website County Flowers page Archived 2015-04-30 at the Wayback Machine
"RHS Plantfinder - Fritillaria meleagris". Retrieved 27 February 2018.
"RHS Plant Selector - Fritillaria meleagris var. unicolor subvar. alba". Retrieved 23 February 2020.
"AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 39. Retrieved 27 February 2018.