Fagus orientalis

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Fagales

Familia: Fagaceae
Genus: Fagus
Species: Fagus orientalis
Name

Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 14: 300 (1898).
Synonyms

Homotypic
Fagus sylvatica subsp. orientalis (Lipsky) Greuter & Burdet, Willdenowia 11: 279. (1981).
Heterotypic
Fagus sylvatica var. asiatica A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 119 (1864).
Fagus sylvatica var. macrophylla Hohen. ex A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 118 (1864).
Fagus sieboldii var. asiatica (A.DC.) Koehne, Deut. Dendrol.: 121 (1893).
Fagus sieboldii var. macrophylla (Hohen. ex A.DC.) Koehne, Deut. Dendrol.: 121 (1893).
Fagus hohenackeriana Palib., Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 8: 378 (1908).
Fagus macrophylla (Hohen. ex A.DC.) Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 95 (1916), non Unger (1854), fossil name.
Fagus pyramidalis Litv., Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 15: 125 (1916).
Fagus hohenackeri Palib. ex Grossh., Trudy Bot. Sada S.S.R. Armen. 2: 21 (1930).
Fagus orientalis var. dentata V.V.Byalt & Firsov, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 45: 24 (2014).

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Europe
Southeastern Europe
Bulgaria, Greece,itzerland.html">Switzerland, Turkey-in-Europe.
Eastern Europe
Krym.
Asia-Temperate
Caucasus
North Caucasus [Krasnodar], Transcaucasus [Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia].
Western Asia
Iran, Turkey.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Lipsky, V.I., 1898. Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 14: 300.
Additional references

Tutin, T.G., Akeroyd, J.R. (rev.) 1993. Fagus. Pp. 72 in Tutin, T.G., Burges, N.A., Chater, A.O., Edmondson, J.R., Heywood, V.H., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds.), Flora Europaea. Volume 1: Psilotaceae to Platanaceae. 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK) / New York / Melbourne, xlvi + 581 pp., ISBN 0-521-41007-X. Reference page. (as. Fagus sylvatica subsp. orientalis)
Govaerts, R.H.A. & Frodin, D. 1998. World Checklist and Bibliography of Fagales (Betulaceae, Corylaceae, Fagaceae and Ticodendraceae). VIII + 408 p. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-900347-46-6. Reference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Fagus orientalis in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Jun 26. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Fagus orientalis in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Jun 26. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Fagus orientalis. Published online. Accessed: Jun 26 2021.
Tropicos.org 2021. Fagus orientalis. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 26 Jun 2021.
Hassler, M. 2021. Fagus orientalis. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Jun 26. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2021. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Fagus orientalis. Accessed: 26 Jun 2021.

Rivers, M.C. & Barstow, M. 2017. Fagus orientalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017. IUCN Red List Category: Least Concern. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T79914188A109616835.en.

Vernacular names
azərbaycanca: Şərq fıstığı
čeština: Buk východní
dansk: Orientalsk bøg
Deutsch: Orient-Buche
English: Oriental Beech
Esperanto: Orienta fago
euskara: Sortaldeko pago
suomi: Idänpyökki
français: Hêtre d'Orient
magyar: Keleti bükk
kernowek: Fow Howldrehevel
latviešu: Kaukāza dižskābardis
Nederlands: Oosterse beuk
norsk: Orientbøk
polski: Buk wschodni
русский: Бук восточный
Türkçe: Doğu kayını
українська: Бук східний
Tiếng Việt: Sồi phương Đông

Fagus orientalis, commonly known as the Oriental beech, is a deciduous tree in the beech family Fagaceae. It is native to Eurasia, in Eastern Europe and Western Asia.

Description
In the Caucasus Mountains, Georgia.

Fagus orientalis is a large tree, capable of reaching heights of up to 45 m (148 ft) tall and 3 m (9.8 ft) trunk diameter, though more typically 25–35 m (82–115 ft) tall and up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) trunk diameter.

The leaves are alternate, simple, and entire or with a slightly crenate margin, 7–15 cm (2.8–5.9 in) long and 5–9 cm (2.0–3.5 in) broad, with 7–13 veins on each side of the leaf (6–7 veins in F. sylvatica). The buds are long and slender, 15–30 millimetres (0.59–1.18 in) long and 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) thick, but thicker, till 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in), where the buds include flower buds.

The flowers are small catkins which appear shortly after the leaves in spring.

The seeds are small triangular nuts 15–20 mm (0.59–0.79 in) long and 7–10 mm (0.28–0.39 in) wide at the base; there are two nuts in each cupule, maturing in the autumn 5–6 months after pollination. The cupule differs from that of European Beech in having flattened, slightly leaf-like appendages at the base (slender, soft spines in European Beech).
Taxonomy

Fagus orientalis is closely related to the Fagus sylvatica (European Beech), and intergrades with it in the Balkans and northwestern Turkey. These hybrids with European Beech are named Fagus × taurica.
Distribution and habitat

The tree's natural range extends from southeastern Bulgaria's Strandja mountain, through northwest Turkey, and east to the Caucasus Mountains in Georgia and Russia, to the Alborz Mountains in Iran.

Its habitat is restricted to mountain forests, at 500–2,100 m (1,600–6,900 ft) of altitude.

The Oriental beech has colonized even lower altitudes in the Strandja mountain of Bulgaria as low as 200–300 m (660–980 ft) above sea-level, due to the unique local micro-climate, where it forms typical Fagus orientalis−Rhododendron ponticum forests as well as with other evergreen shrubs.
Use

The wood of Fagus orientalis is heavy, hard, strong and highly resistant to shock. These features makes it suitable for steam bending. The wood is also a source to fuelwood and can be used for constructions particleboard, furniture, flooring veneer, mining poles, railway tiles and paper.[2]
See also

Caucasus mixed forests ecoregion — key species in the ecoregion
Abies nordmanniana (Nordmann Fir)

References

Rivers, M.C.; Barstow, M. (2017). "Fagus orientalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T79914188A109616835. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T79914188A109616835.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
Kandemirm, G.; Kaya, Z. (2009). "Oriental beech - Fagus orientalis: Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use" (PDF). EUFORGEN: European Forest Genetic Resources Programme.