Eucalyptus salmonophloia

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids II
Ordo: Myrtales

Familia: Myrtaceae
Subfamilia: Myrtoideae
Tribus: Eucalypteae
Genus: Eucalyptus
Species: Eucalyptus salmonophloia
Name

Eucalyptus salmonophloia F.Muell.
References

Fragm. 11:11. 1878
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Eucalyptus salmonophloia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 09-Oct-10.

Vernacular names
English: Salmon Gum

Eucalyptus salmonophloia, commonly known as salmon gum,[2] wurak or weerluk,[3] is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to Western Australia. It has smooth bark, narrow lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between nine and thirteen, creamy white flowers and hemispherical fruit.

Description

Eucalyptus salmonophloia is a tree that typically grows to a height of 4–30 m (13–98 ft) but does not form a lignotuber. It has smooth pale grey bark that is shed in flakes to reveal salmon-coloured new bark in summer. Young plants have dull green, egg-shaped to broadly lance-shaped leaves that are 70–90 mm (2.8–3.5 in) long and 12–30 mm (0.47–1.18 in) wide and petiolate. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same shade of glossy green on both sides, narrow lance-shaped to curved, 60–120 mm (2.4–4.7 in) long and 6–17 mm (0.24–0.67 in) wide, tapering to a petiole 7–20 mm (0.28–0.79 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of between nine and thirteen on an unbranched peduncle 4–13 mm (0.16–0.51 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) long. Mature buds are oval to spherical, 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) long and 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) wide. Flowering occurs from August to December and the flowers are creamy white. The fruit is a woody, hemispherical capsule 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long and 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) wide with the valves protruding but fragile. The capsules usually remain in place until the following summer or longer, each capsule containing about 600 viable seeds per gram.[2][4][5][6]

Eucalyptus salmonophloia looks much like E. salicola, both having a similar habit and salmon-coloured bark, however, E. salmonophloia is differentiated by its egg-shaped to lance-shaped juvenile leaves and spherical buds. Eucalyptus salicola is also able to tolerate a saline habitat.[7]
Taxonomy and naming

Eucalyptus salmonophloia was first formally described by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1878 in his book Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae, from samples collected by Ernest Giles from near Victoria Springs.[8][9] The specific epithet refers to the salmon-coloured bark.[10]

The Noongar peoples know the tree as wurak or weerluk.[3]
Distribution and habitat

Found in large woodland communities, E. salmonophloia is found in the southern Wheatbelt and Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia. In western areas there are remnant populations, extending from the York and Northam areas, south to around Jerramungup mostly as a result of agricultural practices. Eastern occurrences are far less disturbed and extend as far east as Cundeelee to the north around Mt Gibson area and south to around Salmon Gums.[5] The tree usually dominates these communities forming a sparse upper canopy. Found growing in broad valleys, plain and low hills in areas that receive as little as 250 millimetres (10 in) of rain per year it grows in alkaline loamy soils[5] red clay loam or clay and red sandy soils often with gravel.[6] It is found in granite soils in western areas and calcerous soils in eastern areas.[7]

Associated species include Eucalyptus salubris, Eucalyptus longicornis, Eucalyptus wandoo and Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. loxophleba in the overstorey and a huge variety of species in the understorey including Acacia erinacea, Templetonia sulcata, Melaleuca acuminata, Santalum acuminatum, Sclerolaena diacantha, Rhagodia drummondii, Austrostipa trichophylla and Calandrinia calyptrata.[7]
Ecology

This species of Eucalypt is known to have a life span of over 150 years.[11]
Uses

The timber produced by E. salmonophloia is noted for its durability and is used to make railway sleepers and mining shaft supports. Historically, the mining industry cut down the tree to use for construction and as a fuel source,[5] and along with two acacia species is credited with allowing the development of the goldfields. The state's forest department (1922) promoted the high density of timber as the second strongest in Australia.[12] It is still commonly used for wood fires and makes excellent firewood. It is an excellent species for rehabilitation areas and for areas requiring soil stabilization as it is drought tolerant, frost resistant, fast growing and able to grow in poor soils.[13] The heartwood of the tree is fine-textured, dense with a reddish to dark red-brown colour and has considerable potential for use in high value furniture, flooring, panelling, craftwood and in musical instruments such as flute headpoints. Craftsmen rate the wood as good for turning, machinability, boring, screwholding, stability, sanding, gluing and finishing.[14] Honey flow for apiculture is reported from December to March.[5]

The density of green wood is about 1160 kg/m3 with an air-dried density about 1040 kg/m3.[14]

References

"Eucalyptus saligna". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
"Eucalyptus salmonophloia". Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
"Noongar names for plants". kippleonline.net. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Chippendale, George M. "Eucalyptus salmonophloia". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
"Eucalyptus salmonophloia". Fact sheets. florabank. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
"Eucalyptus salmonophloia". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
"Eucalyptus salmonophloia (Salmon Gum) woodland". Wheatbelt Woodlands. Department of Environment and Conservation. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
"Eucalyptus salmonophloia". APNI. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
von Mueller, Ferdinand (1878). Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae. Vol. 11. Melbourne: Victorian Government Printer. pp. 11–12. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
Francis Aubie Sharr (2019). Western Australian Plant Names and their Meanings. Kardinya, Western Australia: Four Gables Press. p. 300. ISBN 9780958034180.
"Greening Australia - Salmon Gum use in farm forestry" (PDF). 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-06. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
Lane-Poole, C. E. (1922). A primer of forestry, with illustrations of the principal forest trees of Western Australia. Perth: F.W. Simpson, government printer. p. 44. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61019. hdl:2027/uiug.30112041668135.
"Australian Plants - Eucalyptus salmonophloia". 2005. Archived from the original on 22 February 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
"Salmon gum Eucalyptus salmonophloia". Forest Products Commission Western Australia. Retrieved 19 November 2016.