Eleutherococcus senticosus

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Campanulids
Ordo: Apiales

Familia: Araliaceae
Subfamilia: Aralioideae
Genus: Eleutherococcus
Species: Eleutherococcus senticosus
Name

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 132 (1859).
Synonyms

Basionym
Hedera senticosa Rupr. & Maxim., Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 15: 134 (1856).
Homotypic
Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Harms in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(8): 50 (1897).
Heterotypic
Eleutherococcus senticosus f. subinermis Regel, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 73 (1861).
Acanthopanax asperatus Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 378 (1878).
Eleutherococcus senticosus f. inermis Kom., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 25: 121 (1905).
Acanthopanax senticosus f. inermis (Kom.) Harms, Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 27: 8 (1918).
Acanthopanax senticosus f. subinermis (Regel) Harms, Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 27: 8 (1918).
Eleutherococcus koreanus Nakai, Fl. Sylv. Kor. 16: 32 (1927).
Eleutherococcus asperatus (Franch. & Sav.) Koidz., Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 8: 52 (1939).
Acanthopanax senticosus var. subinermis (Regel) Kitag., Neolin. Fl. Manshur.: 471 (1979).
Acanthopanax senticosus var. brevistamineus S.F.Gu, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 13(2): 118 (1993).

Distribution
Native distribution areas:
References

Maximowicz, C.J. 1859. Primitiae Florae Amurensis. Versuch einer Flora des Amur-Landes (= Mémoires présentés à l'Académie impériale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg par divers Savans et dans ses assemblées 9). St. Petersburg: Buchdruckerei der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. BHL Biblioteca DigitalReference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2018. Eleutherococcus senticosus in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Nov. 21. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2018. Eleutherococcus senticosus. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Nov. 21. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2018. Eleutherococcus senticosus. Published online. Accessed: Nov. 21 2018.
The Plant List 2013. Eleutherococcus senticosus in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Nov. 21.
Tropicos.org 2018. Eleutherococcus senticosus. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 21 Nov. 2018.
Eleutherococcus senticosus – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Eleutherococcus senticosus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 08-Apr-12.

Vernacular names
English: Devil's Bush
suomi: Venäjänjuuri, venäjänaralehti
한국어: 가시오갈피

Eleutherococcus senticosus is a species of small, woody shrub in the family Araliaceae native to Northeastern Asia.[1][3] It may be colloquially called devil's bush,[4] Siberian ginseng, eleuthero, ciwujia, Devil's shrub, shigoka, touch-me-not, wild pepper, or kan jang.[5] E. senticosus has a history of use in folklore and traditional Chinese medicine.[1] Root extracts of E. senticosus are sold as a dietary supplement or cosmetic, usually under the name Siberian ginseng.[3]

Etymology

The scientific name (genus), Eleutherococcus (from Greek) means "free-berried," and senticosus, (from Latin) means sentis (thorn-bush, briar), an adjective meaning "thorny" or "full of briers or thorns."[citation needed] It is not the same plant as American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) or Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng). It has a diversity of common names across its range of distribution.[1][3]
Distribution and habitat

The herb grows in mixed and coniferous mountain forests, forming low undergrowth or is found in groups in thickets and edges. Eleutherococcus senticosus is sometimes found in oak groves at the foot of cliffs, rarely in high forest riparian woodland. Its native habitat is East Asia, China, Japan, and Russia.[1][3] E. senticosus is broadly tolerant of soils, growing in sandy, loamy, and heavy clay soils with acid, neutral, or alkaline chemistry and including soils of low nutritional value. It can tolerate sun or dappled shade and some degree of pollution. E. senticosus is a deciduous shrub growing to 2 metres (6.6 ft) at a slow rate. It is hardy to zone 3. It flowers in July in most habitats. The flowers are hermaphroditic and are pollinated by insects.[6]
Extract and chemical constituents

Roots of E. senticosus are cylindrical, up to 0.5 centimetres (0.20 in) in diameter, straight or branched, dark brown, and have a smooth surface with bark fixed closely to the xylem.[3] The derived extract from the roots has been characterized for its major constituents, including lignans, sesamin (eleutheroside B4), syringaresinol, phenylpropanes, coumarins, beta-sitosterol and daucosterol.[3]

Berries from E. senticosus contain diverse polyphenols, including caffeic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and benzoic acid, with significant content of calcium, magnesium, and potassium.[7]

Major constituents of essential oil from leaves of Eleutherococcus senticosus include α-bisabolol (26%), β-caryophyllene (7%), germacrene D (7%), β-bisabolene (5%), and α-humulene (4%).[8]
Traditional medicine and adverse effects

Extracts from the root of Eleutherococcus senticosus are promoted in alternative and traditional medicine for providing a range of health effects, but some claims are not supported by medical evidence. According to the WHO, only "as a prophylactic and restorative tonic for enhancement of mental and physical capacities in cases of weakness, exhaustion and tiredness, and during convalescence" is backed up by clinical evidence.[3][5][9] The plant has been assessed in preliminary research for its potential use as an antimicrobial or antistress agent,[3] but these studies were of poor quality and there is no scientific confirmation that such effects exist.[5]

People with high blood pressure, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, heart disease, mental illness, a compromised immune system, women during pregnancy and lactation, and people taking digoxin or hexobarbital may have adverse reactions to E. senticosus.[5] High doses may cause irritability, confusion, insomnia, or anxiety.[5]
References

"Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim". U.S. National Plant Germplasm System. 13 March 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
"Radix Eleutherococci". Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Volume 2, World Health Organization. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
Lee, Sangtae; Chang, Kae Sun, eds. (2015). English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. p. 454. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Retrieved 7 March 2019 – via Korea Forest Service.
"Eleutherococcus". Drugs.com. 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
"Eleutherococcus senticosus". Plants for a Future. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
Załuski, D; Olech, M; Galanty, A; Verpoorte, R; Kuźniewski, R; Nowak, R; Bogucka-Kocka, A (2016). "Phytochemical Content and Pharma-Nutrition Study on Eleutherococcus senticosus Fruits Intractum". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2016: 9270691. doi:10.1155/2016/9270691. PMC 5098108. PMID 27843534.
Zhai, C; Wang, M; Raman, V; Rehman, J U; Meng, Y; Zhao, J; Avula, B; Wang, Y H; Tian, Z; Khan, IA (2017). "Eleutherococcus senticosus (Araliaceae) Leaf Morpho-Anatomy, Essential Oil Composition, and Its Biological Activity Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)". Journal of Medical Entomology. 54 (3): 658–669. doi:10.1093/jme/tjw221. PMID 28399215. S2CID 43732277.
Ades TB, ed. (2009). "Eleuthero". American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed.). American Cancer Society. pp. 337–339. ISBN 9780944235713.