Dracula

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

Familia: Orchidaceae
Subfamilia: Epidendroideae
Tribus: Epidendreae
Subtribus: Pleurothallidinae
Genus: Dracula
Subgenera: (3)
D. subg. Dracula – D. subg. Sodiroa – D. subg. Xenosia
Overview of species (138)
a

D. adrianae – D. agnosia – D. alcithoe – D. amaliae – D. andreettae – D. anthracina – D. antonii – D. aphrodes – D. astuta
b

D. barrowii – D. bella – D. bellerophon – D. benedicti – D. berthae – D. brangeri
c

D. callithrix – D. carcinopsis – D. carlueri – D. chestertonii – D. chimaera – D. chiroptera – D. christineana – D. circe – D. citrina – D. cochliops – D. cordobae – D. cutis-bufonis
d

D. dalessandroi – D. dalstroemii – D. decussata – D. deltoidea – D. deniseana – D. dens-canis – D. diabola – D. diana – D. dodsonii
e

D. erythrochaete – D. erythrocodon – D. exasperata
f

D. fafnir – D. felix – D. fernandezii – D. fuligifera – D. fuliginosa
g

D. gastrophora – D. gerhardii – D. gigas – D. gorgona – D. gorgonella
h

D. hawleyi – D. hirsuta – D. hirtzii – D. houtteana
i

D. immunda – D. inaequalis – D. incognita – D. inexperata – D. insolita
j

D. janetiae
k

D. kareniae
l

D. lafleurii – D. lehmanniana – D. lemurella – D. leonum – D. levii – D. ligiae – D. lindstroemii – D. lotax
m

D. maduroi – D. mantissa – D. marieae – D. marinii – D. marsupialis – D. mendozae – D. minax – D. mopsus – D. morleyi
n

D. navarroorum – D. nigritella – D. nosferatu – D. nycterina
o

D. octavioi – D. olmosii – D. ophioceps – D. orientalis – D. ortiziana
p

D. papillosa – D. pholeodytes – D. pileus – D. polyphemus – D. portillae – D. posadarum – D. presbys – D. psittacina – D. psyche – D. pubescens – D. pusilla
r

D. radiosa – D. rezekiana – D. ripleyana – D. robledorum – D. roezlii – D. rojasii
s

D. saulii – D. schudelii – D. senex-furens – D. sergioi – D. severa – D. sibundoyensis – D. sijmii – D. simia – D. smaug – D. sodiroi – D. soennemarkii – D. spectrum – D. syndactyla
t

D. terborchii – D. tobarii – D. trichroma – D. trigonopetala – D. trinympharum – D. tsubotae – D. tubeana
u

D. ubangina
v

D. vampira – D. veleziana – D. velutina – D. venefica – D. venosa – D. verticulosa – D. vespertilio – D. vierlingii – D. villegasii – D. vinacea – D. vlad-tepes
w

D. wallisii – D. woolwardiae
x

D. xenos
Nothospecies: (3)

D. × anicula – D. × pinasensis – D. × radiosyndactyla
Name

Dracula Luer, Selbyana 2: 190 (1978)

Type species: Dracula chimaera (Rchb.f.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 194 (1978)

Distribution
Native distribution areas:
Dracula range map

Northern America
Mexico
Mexico Southwest, Mexico Southeast.
Southern America
Central America
Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.
Western South America
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Luer, C.A. 1978. Selbyana 2(2–3): 190–191.
Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F.N. (eds.) 2006. Genera Orchidacearum Volume 4 Epidendroideae (Part one); page 349 ff., Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850712-7. Reference page.

Additional references

Luer, C.A. (1993) Icones Pleurothallidinarum, Vol.X - Systematics of Dracula in Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanic Garden, volume 46: pp. 1–244. ISSN 0164-1542

Links

Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2022. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset. Taxon: Dracula. Accessed: 2022 Jan 13.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2022. Dracula in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2022 Jan 13. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2022. Dracula in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2022 Jan 13. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2022. Dracula. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2022. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2022 Jan 13. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2022. Dracula. Published online. Accessed: 13 Jan 2022.
Tropicos.org 2022. Dracula. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 13 Jan 2022.

Vernacular names

日本語: ドラクラ属
перем коми: Дракула
коми: Дракула
lietuvių: Drakula
мокшень: Дракула
кырык мары: Дракула
پنجابی: ڈریکولا رنگرتی
português: Drácula
русский: Дракула
удмурт: Дракула

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

D. adrianae – D. agnosia – D. alcithoe – D. amaliae – D. andreettae – D. anthracina – D. antonii – D. aphrodes – D. astuta
b

D. barrowii – D. bella – D. bellerophon – D. benedicti – D. berthae – D. brangeri
c

D. dalessandroi – D. dalstroemii – D. decussata – D. deltoidea – D. deniseana – D. dens-canis – D. diabola – D. diana – D. dodsonii
e

D. erythrochaete – D. erythrocodon – D. exasperata
f

D. fafnir – D. felix – D. fernandezii – D. fuligifera – D. fuliginosa
g

D. gastrophora – D. gerhardii – D. gigas – D. gorgona – D. gorgonella
h

D. hawleyi – D. hirsuta – D. hirtzii – D. houtteana
i

D. immunda – D. inaequalis – D. incognita – D. inexperata – D. insolita
j

D. janetiae
k

D. kareniae
l

D. lafleurii – D. lehmanniana – D. lemurella – D. leonum – D. levii – D. ligiae – D. lindstroemii – D. lotax
m

D. maduroi – D. mantissa – D. marieae – D. marinii – D. marsupialis – D. mendozae – D. minax – D. mopsus – D. morleyi
n

D. navarroorum – D. nigritella – D. nosferatu – D. nycterina
o

D. octavioi – D. olmosii – D. ophioceps – D. orientalis – D. ortiziana
p

D. papillosa – D. pholeodytes – D. pileus – D. polyphemus – D. portillae – D. posadarum – D. presbys – D. psittacina – D. psyche – D. pubescens – D. pusilla
r

D. radiosa – D. rezekiana – D. ripleyana – D. robledorum – D. roezlii – D. rojasii
s

D. terborchii – D. tobarii – D. trichroma – D. trigonopetala – D. trinympharum – D. tsubotae – D. tubeana
u

D. ubangina
v

D. vampira – D. veleziana – D. velutina – D. venefica – D. venosa – D. verticulosa – D. vespertilio – D. vierlingii – D. villegasii – D. vinacea – D. vlad-tepes
w

D. wallisii – D. woolwardiae
x

D. xenos
Nothospecies: (3)

D. × anicula – D. × pinasensis – D. × radiosyndactyla
Name

Dracula Luer, Selbyana 2: 190 (1978)

Type species: Dracula chimaera (Rchb.f.) Luer, Selbyana 2: 194 (1978)

Distribution
Native distribution areas:
Dracula range map

Northern America
Mexico
Mexico Southwest, Mexico Southeast.
Southern America
Central America
Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.
Western South America
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Additional references

Luer, C.A. (1993) Icones Pleurothallidinarum, Vol.X - Systematics of Dracula in Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanic Garden, volume 46: pp. 1–244. ISSN 0164-1542

Links

Vernacular names

The orchid genus Dracula, abbreviated as Drac in horticultural trade, consists of 118 species native to Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.[1] The name Dracula literally means "little dragon", an allusion to the mythical Count Dracula, a lead character in numerous vampire novels and films.[2][3] The name was applied to the orchid because of the blood-red color of several of the species, and the strange aspect of the long spurs of the sepals.[4] The plants were once included in the genus Masdevallia, but became a separate genus in 1978. This genus has been placed in the subtribe Pleurothallidinae.

Description

They are epiphytic and terrestrial species distributed in Central America and the northwest Andes. Almost half the species are found in Ecuador. They prefer shade and rather cool temperatures.

These caespitose orchids grow in tufts from a short rhizome, with a dense pack of stems. They lack pseudobulbs. On each stems grows one large, thin, plicate leaf with a sharply defined midrib. These glabrous, light to dark green leaves may be spongy, taking over the function of the missing pseudobulb. They are tipped with a mucro (a short tip).

The flower stalks grow either horizontally from the base of the plant or descend, often for great distances. A few species grow upright flower stalks. The long-tailed terminal flowers are basically triangular. The flowers are borne singly or successively. Three species (sodiroi, decussata/neisseniae, and papillosa) may have up to three simultaneously open flowers on a single stalk. In general, though, if there is more than one flower bud on the raceme, they open up with long intervals. These flowers have a weird aspect, due to the long tails on each sepal. The petals are small and somewhat thickened. The lip is often quite large for a Pleurothallid and may resemble a mushroom or fungus. Research by biologists at the University of Oregon indicates that D. lafleurii also has similar volatile chemistry to co-occurring mushrooms. This mimicry attracts mushroom-associated flies which play a role in pollination.[5] The fleshy basal part of the lip (hypochile) is cleft. The terminal part (epichile) is rounded and concave. The margins of the perianth are often fringed. There is a well-developed column with two pollinia.
(Dracula chestertonii)
Taxonomy

The species of Dracula have tentatively been divided into three subgenera, with sections and subsections within one of the subgenera.

Subgenus Dracula : This subgenus contains all the species of the genus except two exceptional species (D. sodiroi and D. xenos)
Section Andreettaea : Monotypic: Dracula andreettae
Section Chestertonia : two species: Dracula chestertonii, D. cutis-bufonis
Section Cochliopsia : Monotypic: Dracula cochliops
Section Dodsonia : Four species: Dracula dodsonii, D. insolita, D. iricolor, D. portillae
Section Dracula : largest section
Subsection Costatae : e.g. Dracula bella, D. vespertilio
Subsection Dracula :
Series Dracula : e.g. Dracula chimaera, D. tubeana, D. vampira
Series Grandiflorae-Parvilabiatae : e.g. Dracula gigas, D. platycrater
Series Parviflorae : e.g. Dracula houtteana, D. lotax
Subgenus Sodiroa : Two Dracula sodiroi, D. erythrocodon
Subgenus Xenosia : Monotypic : Dracula xenos

Dracula adrianae (Colombia).
Dracula alcithoe (SW. Colombia to NE. Ecuador).
Dracula amaliae (W. Colombia).
Dracula andreettae (W. Colombia to NE. Ecuador).
Dracula anthracina (NW. Colombia).
Dracula antonii (Colombia).
Dracula aphrodes (W. Colombia.
Dracula astuta (Costa Rica).
Dracula barrowii (Peru).
Dracula bella (WC. Colombia).
Dracula bellerophon (W. Colombia).
Dracula benedictii (WC. Colombia.
Dracula berthae (Colombia).
Dracula brangeri (C. Colombia).
Dracula callithrix (Colombia) - new species 2009 -
Dracula carcinopsis (W. Colombia).
Dracula carlueri (Costa Rica).
Dracula chestertonii (W. Colombia).
Dracula chimaera (W. Colombia).
Dracula chiroptera (SW. Colombia to NE. Ecuador).
Dracula christineana (Ecuador).
Dracula circe (Colombia).
Dracula citrina (Colombia).
Dracula cochliops (SW. Colombia).

Dracula cordobae

Dracula cordobae (SW. Ecuador).
Dracula cutis-bufonis (NW. Colombia).
Dracula dalessandroi (SE. Ecuador).
Dracula dalstroemii (NW. Ecuador).
Dracula decussata (Colombia).
Dracula deltoidea (SE. Ecuador).
Dracula deniseana (Peru.
Dracula diabola (Colombia).
Dracula diana (W. Colombia).
Dracula dodsonii (Colombia to NC. Ecuador)
Dracula erythrochaete (Costa Rica to W. Panama).
Dracula erythrocodon (Ecuador)
Dracula exasperata ( SW. Colombia.
Dracula fafnir (SE. Ecuador).
Dracula felix (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador).
Dracula fuligifera (C. Ecuador).
Dracula gastrophora (Ecuador).
Dracula gigas (W. Colombia to NW. Ecuador).
Dracula gorgona (W. Colombia)
Dracula gorgonella (Colombia)
Dracula hawleyi (NW. Ecuador).
Dracula hirsuta (SE. Ecuador).
Dracula hirtzii (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador).

Dracula houtteana

Dracula houtteana (Colombia).
Dracula immunda (Panama).
Dracula inaequalis (W. Colombia).
Dracula incognita (Colombia).
Dracula inexperata (Costa Rica).
Dracula insolita (W. Colombia).
Dracula janetiae (C. Peru)
Dracula kareniae (Ecuador).
Dracula lafleurii (NW. Ecuador).
Dracula lehmanniana (SW. Colombia).
Dracula lemurella (Colombia).
Dracula leonum (Peru).
Dracula levii (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador).
Dracula ligiae (Colombia).
Dracula lindstroemii (NW. Ecuador).
Dracula lotax (Ecuador).
Dracula mantissa (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador).
Dracula marsupialis (NW. Ecuador).
Dracula mendozae Luer & V.N.M.Rao (Ecuador)
Dracula minax (Colombia).
Dracula mopsus (Ecuador.
Dracula morleyi (NW. Ecuador).
Dracula navarrorum (Ecuador).
Dracula nigritella (Ecuador).
Dracula nosferatu (Colombia).
Dracula nycterina (Colombia).
Dracula octavioi (SW. Colombia.
Dracula olmosii (Panama).

Dracula olmosii

Dracula ophioceps (SW. Colombia).
Dracula orientalis (NE. Colombia).
Dracula ortiziana (W. Colombia).
Dracula papillosa (NW. Ecuador).
Dracula pholeodytes (NE. Colombia).
Dracula pileus (W. Colombia).
Dracula platycrater (Colombia.
Dracula polyphemus (NW. Ecuador).
Dracula portillae (SE. Ecuador).
Dracula posadarum (Colombia).
Dracula presbys (Colombia).
Dracula psittacina (Colombia).
Dracula psyche (NW. Ecuador).
Dracula pubescens (Ecuador).
Dracula pusilla (SE. Mexico to C. America)
Dracula radiella (NW. Ecuador).
Dracula radiosa (E. Colombia to NW. Ecuador).
Dracula rezekiana (Ecuador).
Dracula ripleyana (Costa Rica).
Dracula robledorum (Colombia)
Dracula rojasii (Colombia)
Dracula roezlii (W. Colombia).
Dracula saulii (Peru).
Dracula schudelii (Ecuador).
Dracula senex-furens(Colombia)
Dracula sergioi (Colombia).
Dracula severa (NW. Colombia).
Dracula sibundoyensis (SW. Colombia to NW. Ecuador).
Dracula sijmii (Ecuador).
Dracula simia (SE. Ecuador).

Dracula sodiroi

Dracula sodiroi (Ecuador).
Dracula syndactyla (SW. Colombia).
Dracula terborchii (Ecuador).
Dracula trichroma (W. Colombia to NW. Ecuador).
Dracula trinympharum (NW. Ecuador).
Dracula tsubotae (Colombia).
Dracula tubeana (Ecuador).
Dracula ubangina (Ecuador).
Dracula vampira (Ecuador).
Dracula veliziana (Colombia).
Dracula velutina (NW. Colombia).
Dracula venefica (W. Colombia).
Dracula venosa (W. Colombia to NW. Ecuador).
Dracula verticulosa (W. Colombia).
Dracula vespertilio (Nicaragua to NW. Ecuador).
Dracula villegasii (Colombia).
Dracula vinacea (NE. Colombia).
Dracula vlad-tepes (NE. Colombia).
Dracula wallisii (W. Colombia).
Dracula woolwardiae (Ecuador).
Dracula xenos (Colombia).

Hybrids

Dracula × anicula (D. cutis-bufonis × D. wallisii) (Colombia).
Dracula × radiosyndactyla (D. radiosa × D. syndactyla) (SW. Colombia).

Footnote

Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Species
McNally, Raymond T.; Florescu, Radu R. (1994). In Search of Dracula, The History of Dracula and Vampires (Completely Revised ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0-395-65783-0.
Stoker, Bram. 1897. Dracula. Archibald Constable and Company, Westminster.
Planet Arkive : Dracula orchid Archived May 17, 2014, at the Wayback Machine

Policha, Tobias; Davis, Aleah; Barnadas, Melinda; Dentinger, Bryn T. M.; Raguso, Robert A.; Roy, Bitty A. (2016-02-15). "Disentangling visual and olfactory signals in mushroom‐mimicking Dracula orchids using realistic three‐dimensional printed flowers". New Phytologist. 210 (3): 1058–1071. doi:10.1111/nph.13855. ISSN 0028-646X.

References

Luer, Carlyle A. 1978: Dracula, a New Genus in the Pleurothallidinae. Selbyana 2: 190-198.
Luer, Carlyle A. 1993: Icones Pleurothallidinarum X - Systematics of Dracula. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden Vol. 46.
Arkive : Dracula vampira

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