Dicentra cucullaria

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Ordo: Ranunculales

Familia: Papaveraceae
Subfamilia: Fumarioideae
Tribus: Fumarieae
Genus: Dicentra
Species: Dicentra cucullaria
Name

Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh., Linnaea 8: 468. 1833.
Synonyms

Basionym

Fumaria cucullaria L., Sp. Pl. 2: 699. 1753.

Homotypic

Bicuculla cucullaria (L.) Millsp., Fl. W. Virginia 327. 1892.
Bikukulla cucullaria (L.) Millsp., Bull. West Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. 2. (1892) 327. 1892.
Capnorchis cucullaria (L.) Planch., Fl. des Serres Ser. 1, 8. 193. 1852-53.
Capnorchis cucullaria (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 15. 1891, comb. superfl.
Capnorchis cucullaria (L.) Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3. 351. 1914, comb. superfl.
Corydalis cucullaria (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 2: 269. 1806.
Cucularia cucullaria (L.) Farw., Rep. (Annual) Commiss. Parks Boulevards Detroit 11: 64. 1900.
Diclytra cucullaria (L.) DC., Syst. Nat. (de Candolle) 2: 108. 1821.
Dielytra cucullaria (L.) G.Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 140. 1831.
Dielytra cucullaria (L.) Spreng., Syst. 3: 162. 1826.

Heterotypic

Bicucullata canadensis Juss. ex Borckh., Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 1: 46. 1797, nom. inval.
Bicuculla occidentalis Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 160. 1902.
Capnorchis americana Boerh. ex Borckh., Arch. (Roemer) 12: 46, pro syn. 1797.
Capnorchis occidentalis (Rydb.) House, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 8: 62. 1922.
Cucularia bulbosa Raf., Med. Repos. 5: 352. 1808.
Dicentra cucullaria f. purpuritincta Eames, Rhodora 33: 169. 1931.
Dicentra cucullaria var. occidentalis (Rydb.) M.Peck, Man. Pl. Oregon 323. 1941 Madrono, 6: 133. 1941.
Dicentra occidentalis (Rydb.) Fedde, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 315. 1912.
Diclytra bracteosa DC., Syst. Nat. 2: 108. 1821.
Diclytra cucullaria var. divaricata DC., Syst. Nat. (de Candolle) 2: 108. 1821.
Diclytra divaricata (DC.) Raf., Fl. Kentuck. Cat. 13. 1824, nom. nud.
Dielytra bracteosa (DC.) Spreng., Syst. 3: 162. 1826.
Fumaria pallida Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 377. 1796.

References

Linnaea; Ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange. Berlin 8:457, 468. 1833
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. [1]

Vernacular names
English: Dutchman's breeches

Dicentra cucullaria, Dutchman's britches, or Dutchman's breeches, is a perennial herbaceous plant, native to rich woods of eastern North America, with a disjunct population in the Columbia Basin.[1]

The common name Dutchman's breeches derives from their white flowers that look like white breeches.

Description

The rootstock is a cluster of small pink to white teardrop-shaped bulblets (more precisely, miniature tubers). Leaves are 10–36 cm (4–14+1⁄4 in) long and 4–18 cm (1+1⁄2–7 in) broad, with a petiole (leaf stalk) 5–24 cm (2–9+1⁄2 in) long. They are trifoliate, with finely divided leaflets.[2][3][4]

The flowers usually white, rarely suffused with pink, 1–2 cm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) long. They are produced in early spring in racemes of 3 to 14 flowers on peduncles (flower stalks) 12–25 cm (4+3⁄4–9+3⁄4 in) long. Unlike the closely related Dicentra canadensis (squirrel corn), the flowers lack fragrance.[2]

The pistil of a pollinated flower develops into a slender pod 7–16 mm (1⁄4–5⁄8 in) long and 3–5 mm (1⁄8–3⁄16 in), narrowed to a point on both ends. The capsule splits in half when the seeds are ripe. The seeds are kidney-shaped, with a faint netlike pattern. Each one has a fleshy organ called an elaiosome[2] that attracts ants. Dutchman's breeches is one of many plants whose seeds are spread by ants, a process called myrmecochory. The ants take the seeds to their nest, where they eat the elaiosomes, and put the seeds in their nest debris, where they are protected until they germinate. They also get the added bonus of growing in a medium made richer by the ant nest debris.

The leaves and flower stems die back in late spring after the seed has ripened, and the bulblets remain dormant through the summer. In the fall, starch in the bulblets is converted to sugar, and the beginnings of the next spring's leaves and flowers develop below ground.[2]

The western populations have sometimes been separated as Dicentra occidentalis on the basis of often somewhat coarser growth, but do not differ from many eastern plants in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia.[2]

Ecology

Dicentra cucullaria is dependent on bumblebees (especially Bombus bimaculatus, a common eastern North American species) for cross-pollination. In fact, the flower structure and mechanism by which it is pollinated indicate that it is adapted for bumblebees, which can separate the outer and inner petals of the flower.[1] They will then use their front legs to expose the stigma, stamen, and anthers.[1] Shortly afterwards, they will sweep pollen in a forward stroke by utilizing their middle legs, before leaving the flower to return to the colony with the pollen.[5] In this way, D. cucullaria is pollinated as the bees move from plant to plant, and the bumblebee meets its dietary needs.[5]

The effect of a hallucinogenic compound contained in the plant on livestock has led ranchers to refer to it as 'Staggerweed'.[6]
Cultivation

Dutchman's breeches was likely introduced to cultivation in England when Philip Miller introduced it to the Chelsea Physic Garden. Miller likely received it from John Bartram. The species was, however, not mentioned in American horticultural literature until the early 19th century.[3]

Two clones with pink flowers have received cultivar names: 'Pittsburg', which turns pink under certain conditions, and 'Pink Punk', collected by Henrik Zetterlund on Saddle Mountain in Oregon, is more consistently pink.[3]
Medicinal uses

Native Americans and early white practitioners considered this plant useful for syphilis, skin conditions and as a blood purifier. Dutchman's breeches contains several alkaloids that may have effects on the brain and heart

However, D. cucullaria may be toxic and causes contact dermatitis in some people.
References

Macior, Lazarus Walter (1970-01-01). "The Pollination Ecology of Dicentra cucullaria". American Journal of Botany. 57 (1): 6–11. doi:10.2307/2440374. JSTOR 2440374.
Stern, Kingsley R. (1997). "Dicentra cucullaria". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). 3. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
Tebbitt, Mark C.; Lidén, Magnus; Zetterlund, Henrik (2008-01-01). Bleeding Hearts, Corydalis, and Their Relatives. Timber Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 9780881928822.
Missouri Plants
MacIor, Lazarus Walter (1967). "Pollen-Foraging Behavior of Bombus in Relation to Pollination of Nototribic Flowers". American Journal of Botany. 54 (3): 359–364. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1967.tb06930.x. JSTOR 2440764.
Fagan, Damian (2019). Wildflowers of Oregon: A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs of the Coast, Cascades, and High Desert. Guilford, CT: FalconGuides. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-4930-3633-2. OCLC 1073035766.