Corchorus

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids II
Ordo: Malvales

Familia: Malvaceae
Subfamilia: Grewioideae
Tribus: Apeibeae
Genus: Corchorus
Species: C. aestuans – C. africanus – C. angolensis – C. aquaticus – C. argillicola – C. asplenifolius – C. aulacocarpus – C. baldaccii – C. brevicornutus – C. capsularis – C. carnarvonensis – C. chrozophorifolius – C. cinerascens – C. confusus – C. congener – C. cunninghamii – C. deccanensis – C. depressus – C. drysdalensis – C. elachocarpus – C. elderi – C. erodioides – C. fascicularis – C. foliosus – C. gillettii – C. hamatus – C. hirsutus – C. hirtus – C. hygrophilus – C. incanus – C. junodii – C. kirkii – C. laniflorus – C. lasiocarpus – C. leptocarpus – C. longipedunculatus – C. macropetalus – C. macropterus – C. merxmuelleri – C. mitchellensis – C. neocaledonicus – C. obclavatus – C. olitorius – C. orinocensis – C. parviflorus – C. parvifolius – C. pascuorum – C. pinnatipartitus – C. psammophilus – C. pseudo-olitorius – C. pseudocapsularis – C. puberulus – C. pumilio – C. reynoldsiae – C. saxatilis – C. schimperi – C. sericeus – C. siamensis – C. sidoides – C. siliquosus – C. subargentus – C. sublatus – C. sulcatus – C. tectus – C. thozetii – C. tiniannensis – C. tirunelveliensis – C. tomentellus – C. torresianus – C. tridens – C. trilocularis – C. urticifolius – C. velutinus – C. walcottii
Name

Corchorus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 529. (1753)

Type species: Corchorus olitorius L., Sp. Pl. 1: 529. (1753)

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Antichorus L.
Antiphyla Raf.
Caricteria Scop.
Coreta P.Browne
Ganja Rchb.
Maerlensia Vell.
Nettoa Baill.
Oceanopapaver Guillaumin
Rhizanota Lour. ex Gomes Mach.
Riddellia Raf.
Scorpia Ewart & A.H.K.Petrie

References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 529. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Corchorus in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2020 Dec. 23. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2020. Corchorus. Published online. Accessed: Dec. 23 2020.
Tropicos.org 2020. Corchorus. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 21 Dec. 2020.

Vernacular names
беларуская: Джут
български: Юта
English: Jute Mallow
suomi: Juutit
polski: Juta

Corchorus is a genus of about 40–100 species of flowering plants in the family Malvaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world.[1]

Different common names are used in different contexts, with jute applying to the fiber produced from the plant, and jute mallow leaves for the leaves used as a vegetable.
Description

The plants are tall, usually annual herbs, reaching a height of 2–4 m, unbranched or with only a few side branches. The leaves are alternate, simple, lanceolate, 5–15 cm long, with an acuminate tip and a finely serrated or lobed margin. The flowers are small (2–3 cm diameter) and yellow, with five petals; the fruit is a many-seeded capsule.
Taxonomy

The genus Corchorus is classified under the subfamily Grewioideae of the family Malvaceae. It contains around 40 to 100 species.[2]

The genus Oceanopapaver, previously of uncertain placement, has recently been synonymized under Corchorus. The name was established by André Guillaumin in 1932 for the single species Oceanopapaver neocaledonicum Guillaumin from New Caledonia. The genus has been classified in a number of different families including Capparaceae, Cistaceae, Papaveraceae, and Tiliaceae. The putative family name "Oceanopapaveraceae" has occasionally appeared in print and on the web but is a nomen nudum and has never been validly published nor recognised by any system of plant taxonomy.[3]

The genus Corchorus was first described by Linnaeus in his great work Species Plantarum (1753). It is derived from the Ancient Greek word κόρχορος or κόρκορος (korkhoros or korkoros) which referred to a wild plant of uncertain identity, possibly jute or wild asparagus.[4][5]
Species

Species in the genus include:[6]

Corchorus aestuans L.
Corchorus africanus Bari
Corchorus angolensis Exell & Mendonça
Corchorus aquaticus Rusby
Corchorus argillicola Moeaha & P.J.D.Winter
Corchorus asplenifmô0olius Burch.
Corchorus aulacocarpus Halford
Corchorus baldaccii Mattei
Corchorus brevicornutus Vollesen
Corchorus capsularis L.
Corchorus carnarvonensis Halford
Corchorus chrozophorifolius (Baill.) Burret
Corchorus cinerascens Deflers
Corchorus confusus Wild
Corchorus congener Halford
Corchorus cunninghamii F.Muell.
Corchorus deccanensis H.B.Singh & M.V.Viswan.
Corchorus depressus (L.) Peterm.
Corchorus elachocarpus F.Muell.
Corchorus elderi F.Muell.
Corchorus erodioides Balf.f.
Corchorus fascicularis Lam.
Corchorus foliosus Spreng.
Corchorus gillettii Bari
Corchorus hamatus Baker
Corchorus hirsutus L.
Corchorus hirtus L.
Corchorus hygrophilus A.Cunn. ex Benth.
Corchorus incanus Halford
Corchorus junodii (Schinz) N.E.Br.
Corchorus kirkii N.E.Br.
Corchorus laniflorus Rye
Corchorus lasiocarpus Halford
Corchorus leptocarpus A.Cunn. ex Benth.
Corchorus longipedunculatus Mast.
Corchorus macropetalus (F.Muell.) Domin
Corchorus macropterus G.J.Leach & Cheek
Corchorus merxmuelleri Wild
Corchorus mitchellensis Halford
Corchorus neocaledonicus Schltr.
Corchorus obclavatus Halford
Corchorus olitorius L.
Corchorus orinocensis Kunth
Corchorus parviflorus (Benth.) Domin
Corchorus parvifolius Sebsebe
Corchorus pascuorum Domin
Corchorus pinnatipartitus Wild
Corchorus psammophilus Codd
Corchorus pseudo-olitorius Islam & Zaid
Corchorus pseudocapsularis Schweinf.
Corchorus puberulus Halford
Corchorus pumilio R.Br. ex Benth.
Corchorus reynoldsiae Halford
Corchorus saxatilis Wild
Corchorus schimperi Cufod.
Corchorus sericeus Ewart & O.B.Davies
Corchorus siamensis Craib
Corchorus sidoides F.Muell.
Corchorus siliquosus L.
Corchorus subargentus Halford
Corchorus sublatus Halford
Corchorus sulcatus I.Verd.
Corchorus tectus Halford
Corchorus thozetii Halford
Corchorus tiniannensis Hosok.
Corchorus tirunelveliensis Kalaiselvan, Selvak. & Rajakumar
Corchorus tomentellus F.Muell.
Corchorus torresianus Gaudich.
Corchorus tridens L.
Corchorus trilocularis L.
Corchorus urticifolius Wight & Arn.
Corchorus velutinus Wild
Corchorus walcottii F.Muell.

Uses
Fiber
Main articles: Jute and Jute cultivation

The fibers from Corchorus (known as jute)[7] are the most widely cultivated vegetable fiber after cotton.[8]
Food
See also: Mulukhiyah
Bai po, the blanched leaves of Corchorus olitorius.
Corchorus aestuans in Hyderabad, India.

Corchorus leaves are consumed in the cuisines of various countries. Corchorus olitorius is used mainly in the cuisines of southern Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and West Africa, Corchorus capsularis in Japan and China. It has a mucilaginous (somewhat "slimy") texture, similar to okra, when cooked. The seeds are used as a flavouring, and a herbal tea is made from the dried leaves. The leaves of Corchorus are rich in betacarotene, iron, calcium, and vitamin C. The plant has an antioxidant activity with a significant α-tocopherol equivalent vitamin E.

In North Africa and the Middle East, the young leaves of Corchorus species are known in Arabic as malukhiyah and are used as green leafy vegetables . Malukhiyah is eaten widely in Egypt and some consider it the Egyptian national dish. It is featured in cuisines from Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Jordan and Tunisia. In Turkey and Cyprus, the plant is known as molohiya or molocha and is usually cooked into a kind of chicken stew.[9] The leaves of Corchorus have been a staple Egyptian food since the time of the Pharaohs and it is from there that it gains its recognition and popularity. Varieties of mallow-leaves stew with rice is a well known Middle Eastern cuisine.

In Nigerian cuisine, it is used in a stew known as ewedu, a condiment to other starch-based foods such as amala or added with gbegiri a local Nigerian soup. In Northern Nigeria it is known as Ayoyo. They use it to cook a sauce called (Miyan Ayoyo) which is commonly served with Tuwon Masara or Tuwon Allebo.

In Ghana, it is mostly eaten by the people in the North and it is called ayoyo. It is mostly eaten with Tuo Zaafi (food prepared with cornflour).[7]

In Sierra Leone it is known as krain krain (or crain crain) and is cooked as stew. The stew is usually eaten with rice or foofoo (a traditional food made from cassava).[10][11]

Jute leaves are also consumed among the Luhya people of Western Kenya, where it is commonly known as mrenda or murere. It is eaten with starchy foods like ugali, a staple for most communities in Kenya.[12] In Northern Sudan it is called khudra, meaning "green" in Sudanese Arabic. The Songhai people of Mali call it fakohoy.

In India, it is locally known as nalta sag. It is a favorite food during the summer months, especially in Sambalpur and the western part of Odisha. Usually it is lightly sauteed and eaten along with rice or rice gruel.

In the Philippines, C. olitorius is known as saluyot. It is commonly consumed as a leafy vegetable together with bamboo shoots.[13]

In Thai cuisine, the leaves of the Corchorus olitorius (locally known as bai po; Thai: ใบปอ) are eaten blanched, together with plain rice congee. The taste resembles that of spinach and samphire.
Ayoyo soup and stew
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corchorus.

Jute
Malva
Hibiscus
Althaea

References

Stewart Robert Hinsley. "The Corchorus (Jute) Pages". Malvaceae Info. Retrieved September 10, 2011.[permanent dead link]
"Corchorus L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-06-05. Archived from the original on 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
B. A. Whitlock, K. G. Karol, and W. S. Alverson. 2003. Chloroplast DNA Sequences Confirm the Placement of the Enigmatic Oceanopapaver within Corchorus (Grewioideae: Malvaceae s.l., Formerly Tiliaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 164: 35–41
Asa Gray (1849). The Genera of the Plants of the United States. Vol. II. New York: George P. Putnam. p. 94.
David Gledhill (2008). The Names of Plants. Cambridge University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
"Corchorus L." Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
"NEWS". miczd.gov.gh. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
Asif Anwar (January 16, 2006). "The Golden, Copper, and Silver Fibers". Golden Fibre Trade Centre Limited. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
"Vegetable dishes: Molohiya". Turkish-Cypriot Cuisine. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
"UMCOR Sierra Leone Archives". UMCOR NGO (United Methodist Committee on Relief Non-Governmental Organization). Archived from the original on September 19, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011. "In Bandajuma village, these beneficiaries of an UMCOR Sierra Leone food security program are harvesting the first crop of krain krain, for sale and own consumption."
Chris Tenove. "Cultivating research in a war-ravaged city". International Development Research Centre. Archived from the original on April 4, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
"African Leafy Vegetables" (PDF). Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-06. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
Danny O. Calleja (February 15, 2010). "Saluyot now a popular vegetable worldwide". Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 17, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2011.