Corallorhiza

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

Familia: Orchidaceae
Subfamilia: Epidendroideae
Tribus: Calypsoeae
Genus: Corallorhiza
Overview of species (11)

C. bentleyi – C. bulbosa – C. ekmanii – C. macrantha – C. maculata – C. mertensiana – C. odontorhiza – C. striata – C. trifida – C. williamsii – C. wisteriana
Name

Corallorhiza Gagnebin, Acta Helv. Phys.-Math. 2: 61. (1755), nom. cons.

Type species: Corallorhiza trifida Châtel., Spec. Inaug. Corallorrhiza: 8 (1760)

Synonymy

Homotypic
Cladorhiza Raf., Med. Fl. 1: 145 (1828), nom. superfl.
Heterotypic
Rhizocorallon Gagnebin, Acta Helvetica, Physico-Mathematico-Anatomico-Botanico-Medica 2: 61. (1755)
Corallorrhiza Châtel., Spec. Inaug. Corallorrhiza: 5 (1760), orth. var.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Europe
Northern Europe
Denmark, Finland, Great Britain, Iceland, Norway, Sweden.
Middle Europe
Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands †, Poland, Switzerland.
Southwestern Europe
France, Spain.
Southeastern Europe
Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania, Yugoslavia.
Eastern Europe
Belarus, Baltic States, Krym, Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine.
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Altay, Buryatiya, Chita, Irkutsk Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutiya.
Russian Far East
Amur, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Islands, Magadan.
Middle Asia
Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan.
Caucasus
North Caucasus, Transcaucasus.
Western Asia
Turkey.
China
China South-Central, Inner Mongolia, Manchuria, China North-Central, Qinghai, Tibet.
Mongolia
Mongolia.
Eastern Asia
Korea.
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
Nepal, Pakistan, West Himalaya.
Northern America
Subarctic America
Aleutian Islands, Alaska, Greenland, Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Yukon.
Western Canada
Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan.
Eastern Canada
Labrador, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isle, Québec.
Northwestern U.S.A.
Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming.
North-Central U.S.A.
Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin.
Northeastern U.S.A.
Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Islands, Vermont, West Virginia.
Southwestern U.S.A.
Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah.
South-Central U.S.A.
New Mexico, Texas.
Southeastern U.S.A.
Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, District of Columbia.
Mexico
Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southwest, Mexico Southeast.
Southern America
Central America
El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, District of Columbia.
Caribbean
Dominican Republic, Haiti.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Gagnebin, A. 1755. Acta Helvetica, Physico-Mathematico-Anatomico-Botanico-Medica 2: 61.
Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F.N. (eds.) 2006. Genera Orchidacearum Volume 4 Epidendroideae (Part one); page 97 ff., Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850712-7. Reference page.

Links

'eFloras 2009. Corallorhiza in Flora of China vol. 25 Orchidaceae --> pdf Corallorhiza
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2021. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset. Taxon: Corallorhiza. Accessed: 2021 May 21.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Corallorhiza in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 May 21. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Corallorhiza in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 May 21. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2021. Corallorhiza. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 May 21. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Corallorhiza. Published online. Accessed: 21 May 2021.
Tropicos.org 2021. Corallorhiza. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 May 21.

Vernacular names

беларуская: Ладдзян
Deutsch: Korallenwurze
English: Coralroot
eesti: Koralljuur
suomi: Harajuuret
hornjoserbsce: Koralička
перем коми: Кораллориза
коми: Кораллориза
lietuvių: Ilgalūpė
кырык мары: Кораллориза
polski: Żłobik
русский: Ладьян
удмурт: Кораллориза
українська: Коральковець
中文: 珊瑚兰属

Corallorhiza, the coralroot, is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family. Except for the circumboreal C. trifida,[2] the genus is restricted to North America (including Mexico, Central America and the West Indies).[1][3][4][5]

Most species are putatively parasitic, relying entirely upon mycorrhizal fungi within their coral-shaped rhizomes for sustenance. Because of this dependence on myco-heterotrophy, they have never been successfully cultivated. Most species are leafless and rootless. Most species produce little or no chlorophyll, and do not utilize photosynthesis. An exception is the yellowish green species Corallorhiza trifida, which has some chlorophyll and is able to fix CO2. However, this species also depends primarily on fungal associations for carbon acquisition.[6][7]

List of species

Many species names have been proposed that are now considered synonyms of other species, or members of other genera. Species accepted as members of Corallorhiza as of May 2014:[1][8]

Image	Scientific name	Distribution
	Corallorhiza bentleyi Freudenst.	Virginia, West Virginia
	Corallorhiza bulbosa A.Rich. & Galeotti	Mexico, Guatemala
	Corallorhiza ekmanii Mansf.	Haiti, Dominican Republic
	Corallorhiza macrantha Schltr.	Puebla, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Guatemala
	Corallorhiza maculata Raf.	widespread across much of Canada, the United States, Mexico and Guatemala
	Corallorhiza mertensiana Bong.	Alaska, Alberta, British Columbia, Idaho, Montana, Washington, California, Wyoming
	Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt.	eastern United States and Canada, from Texas to Florida, north to South Dakota, Ontario, Quebec and Maine
	Corallorhiza striata Lindl.	much of Canada and Mexico; northern and western United States
	Corallorhiza trifida Châtel	Canada; northern and western United States; widespread across Europe and Asia including Russia, China, Korea, the Himalayas, Ukraine, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom etc.
	Corallorhiza williamsii Correll	Morelos, El Salvador
	Corallorhiza wisteriana Conrad	Mexico and much of the United States