Convallaria majalis

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

Familia: Asparagaceae
Subfamilia: Nolinoideae
Tribus: Convallarieae
Genus: Convallaria
Species: Convallaria majalis
Name

Convallaria majalis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 314 (1753).
Synonyms

Homotypic
Lilium convallium Garsault, Fig. Pl. Méd.: t. 334 (1764), opus utiq. oppr.
Polygonatum majale (L.) All., Fl. Pedem. 1: 130 (1785).
Lilium-convallium majale (L.) Moench, Methodus: 636 (1794).
Convallaria fragrans Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 254 (1796), nom. superfl.
Heterotypic
Convallaria latifolia Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8: n.º 2 (1768).
Convallaria linnaei Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 59 (1790).
Convallaria scaposa Gilib., Exerc. Phyt. 2: 460 (1792), opus utiq. oppr.
Convallaria mappii C.C.Gmel., Fl. Bad. 2: 52 (1806).
Convallaria majalis var. flore-pleno Loisel., Herb. Gén. Amat. 1: t. 18 (1814). nom. inval., contrary to Art. 23.6. (ICN, 2012).
Convallaria majalis var. flore-purpurascente Loisel., Herb. Gén. Amat. 1: t. 17 (1814). nom. inval., contrary to Art. 23.6. (ICN, 2012).
Convallaria majalis var. bracteosa Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs. 1: 99 (1830).
Convallaria majalis var. rosea Rchb., Fl. Saxon.: 72 (1842).
Convallaria majalis var. variegata E.J.Lowe & W.Howard, Beaut. Leaved Pl.: 85 (1860).
Convallaria bracteata Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 135 (1867)), nom. illeg.
Convallaria majalis var. prolificans Wittm., Gartenflora 38: 97 (1884).
Convallaria majalis f. prolificans (Wittm.) Voss, Vilm. Blumengärtn. ed. 3, 1: 1070 (1896).
Convallaria majalis var. rubra Anon., Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 23: 384 (1898).
Convallaria majalis f. picta Wilczek, Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 3: 650 (1903).
Convallaria majalis var. latifolia (Mill.) Asch. & Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 3: 314 (1905).
Convallaria majalis f. angustifolia Zapał., Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 181 (1906).
Convallaria majalis f. latior Zapał., Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 181 (1906).
Convallaria majalis subf. picta Zapał., Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 181 (1906).
Convallaria majalis var. laminaris F.Rosen, Izv. Tul. Obsc. Jest. 4: 168 (1916).
Convallaria maxima J.R.Duncan & V.C.Davies, Nursery Cat. (Duncan & Davies) 1925: 51 (1925).
Convallaria transcaucasica Utkin in Grossh., Fl. Kavkaza 1: 242 (1928).
Convallaria majalis var. transcaucasica (Utkin) Knorring in V.L.Komorov, Fl. URSS 4: 468 (1935).
Convallaria majalis subsp. transcaucasica (Utkin) Bordz., Fl. RSS Ucr. 3: 262 (1950).
Convallaria majalis f. abchasica Ponert, Feddes Repert. 86: 553 (1975).
Convallaria majalis f. laminaris (F.Rosen) Ponert, Feddes Repert. 86: 547 (1975).
Convallaria majalis convar. latifolia (Mill.) Ponert, Feddes Repert. 86: 550 (1975).
Convallaria majalis f. latifrons Ponert, Feddes Repert. 86: 548 (1975).
Convallaria majalis f. mappii (C.C.Gmel.) Ponert, Feddes Repert. 86: 546 (1975).
Convallaria majalis subspecioid prolificans (Wittm.) Ponert, Feddes Repert. 86: 553 (1975).
Convallaria majalis convar. silvaticoides Ponert, Feddes Repert. 86: 548 (1975).
Convallaria majalis subspecioid tetraploidiae Ponert, Feddes Repert. 86: 554 (1975).

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe
Regional: Northern Europe
Denmark, Finland, Great Britain, Norway, Sweden
Regional: Middle Europe
Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland
Regional: Southwestern Europe
France, Spain
Regional: Southeastern Europe
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania, Turkey-in-Europe (introduced), Yugoslavia
Regional: Eastern Europe
Belarus, Baltic States, Krym, Central European Russia, North European Russia, South European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine
Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: Siberia
Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk
Regional: Middle Asia
Kazakhstan
Regional: Caucasus
North Caucasus, Transcaucasus
Regional: Western Asia
Turkey
Continental: Northern America (all introduced)
Regional: Western Canada
Saskatchewan.
Regional: Eastern Canada
Labrador, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isle, Québec.
Regional: Northwestern U.S.A.
Washington
Regional: North-Central U.S.A.
Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin.
Regional: Northeastern U.S.A.
Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia,
Regional: Southwestern U.S.A.
Utah.
Regional: Southeastern U.S.A.
Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 314. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2018. Convallaria majalis in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Dec 4. Reference page.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Convallaria majalis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service.

Vernacular names
Alemannisch: Maiglöckchen
العربية: كونفالاريا أيار
azərbaycanca: May inciçiçəyi
žemaitėška: Konvalėjė
башҡортса: Ынйы сәскә
беларуская: Ландыш майскі
български: Момина сълза
brezhoneg: Louzaouenn-an-hañv
català: Muguet
čeština: Konvalinka vonná
Cymraeg: Lili‘r dyffrynnoedd
dansk: Liljekonval
Deutsch: Maiglöckchen
Ελληνικά: Μιγκέ
English: Lily-of-the-valley
Esperanto: Konvalo
español: Convalaria
eesti: Harilik maikelluke
euskara: Mugeta
فارسی: موگه
suomi: Kielo
français: Muguet de mai
Frysk: Maaieklokje
Gaeilge: Lile na ngleanntán
Gaelg: Blaa Boaldyn
עברית: שושנת העמקים
hrvatski: Đurđica
hornjoserbsce: Całtki
magyar: Gyöngyvirág
հայերեն: Հովտաշուշան
Ido: Maifloro
italiano: Mughetto
日本語: スズラン
ქართული: შროშანა
қазақша: Меруертгүл
한국어: 은방울꽃
Ripoarisch: Maijlöcksche
kurdî: Xeydoka gulanê
Latina: Maialis
лакку: Марияннул макь
Lëtzebuergesch: Meeréischen
Limburgs: Meizäödsje
lietuvių: Paprastoji pakalnutė
latviešu: Maijpuķīte
македонски: Момина солза
മലയാളം: ലില്ലി ഓഫ് ദ വാലി
norsk bokmål: Liljekonvall
Plattdüütsch: Maiklocken
Nederlands: Lelietje-van-dalen
norsk nynorsk: Liljekonvall
norsk: Liljekonvall
ирон: Джыджына
polski: Konwalia majowa
پنجابی: چٹے چمکے
پښتو: سوسن
português: Lírio-do-vale
română: Lăcrămioară
русский: Ландыш майский
davvisámegiella: Giđđadivgarássi
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Đurđevak
slovenčina: Konvalinka voňavá
slovenščina: Šmarnica
српски / srpski: Ђурђевак - Đurđevak
Seeltersk: Pingsterbloume
svenska: Liljekonvalj
тоҷикӣ: Ливондар
Türkçe: Müge
удмурт: Тӧдьыгырлы
українська: Конвалія звичайна
vepsän kel’: Jänišankorvaižed
Tiếng Việt: Linh lan
中文（简体）: 铃兰
中文（繁體）: 鈴蘭
中文（臺灣）: 鈴蘭
中文: 鈴蘭

Lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis (/ˌkɒnvəˈleɪriə məˈdʒeɪlɪs/),[2] sometimes written lily-of-the-valley,[3] is a woodland flowering plant with sweetly scented, pendent, bell-shaped white flowers borne in sprays in spring. It is native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere in Asia and Europe.[4][5] Convallaria majalis var. montana, also known as the American lily of the valley, is native to North America.[6][7]

Due to the concentration of cardiac glycosides (cardenolides), it is highly poisonous if consumed by humans or other animals.[8][9]

Other names include May bells, Our Lady's tears, and Mary's tears. Its French name, muguet, sometimes appears in the names of perfumes imitating the flower's scent. In pre-modern England, the plant was known as glovewort (as it was a wort used to create a salve for sore hands), or Apollinaris (according to a legend that it was discovered by Apollo).[10]

Description
Berries

Convallaria majalis is an herbaceous perennial plant that often forms extensive colonies by spreading underground stems called rhizomes. New upright shoots are formed at the ends of stolons in summer,[11] these upright dormant stems are often called pips.[12] These grow in the spring into new leafy shoots that still remain connected to the other shoots under ground. The stems grow to 15–30 cm (6–12 in) tall, with one or two leaves 10–25 cm (4–10 in) long; flowering stems have two leaves and a raceme of five to fifteen flowers on the stem apex.

The flowers have six white tepals (rarely pink), fused at the base to form a bell shape, 5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) diameter, and sweetly scented; flowering is in late spring, in mild winters in the Northern Hemisphere it is in early March. The fruit is a small orange-red berry 5–7 mm (0.2–0.3 in) diameter that contains a few large whitish to brownish colored seeds that dry to a clear translucent round bead 1–3 mm (0.04–0.12 in) wide. Plants are self-incompatible, and colonies consisting of a single clone do not set seed.[13]
Taxonomy

In the APG III system, the genus is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family Ruscaceae[14]). It was formerly placed in its own family Convallariaceae, and, like many lilioid monocots, before that in the lily family Liliaceae.

There are three varieties that have sometimes been separated out as distinct species or subspecies by some botanists.[11][15]

Convallaria majalis var. keiskei – from China and Japan, with red fruit and bowl-shaped flowers (now widely cited as Convallaria keiskei)[13][16]
C. majalis var. majalis – from Eurasia, with white midribs on the flowers
C. majalis var. montana – from the United States, maybe with green-tinted midribs on the flowers[17]

Convallaria transcaucasica is recognised as a distinct species by some authorities, while the species formerly called Convallaria japonica is now classified as Ophiopogon japonicus.[16]
Distribution

Convallaria majalis is a native of Europe, where it largely avoids the Mediterranean and Atlantic margins.[18] An eastern variety, C. majalis var. keiskei occurs in Japan and parts of eastern Asia. A limited native population of C. majalis var. montana (synonym C. majuscula) occurs in the Eastern United States.[19] There is, however, some debate as to the native status of the American variety.[20]

Like many perennial flowering plants, C. majalis exhibits dual reproductive modes by producing offspring asexually by vegetative means and by seed, produced via the fusion of gametes.[21]
Ecology

Convallaria majalis is a plant of partial shade, and mesophile type that prefers warm summers. It likes soils that are silty or sandy and acid to moderately alkaline,[22] with preferably a plentiful amount of humus. The Royal Horticultural Society states that slightly alkaline soils are the most favored.[23] It is a Euroasiatic and suboceanic species that lives in mountains up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) elevation.[24]

Convallaria majalis is used as a food plant by the larvae of some moth and butterfly (Lepidoptera) species including the grey chi. Adults and larvae of the leaf beetle Lilioceris merdigera are also able to tolerate the cardenolides and thus feed on the leaves.[25]
Cultivation
Variegated cultivar early in spring
Double-flowered ‘Flore pleno’
'Rosea'

Convallaria majalis is widely grown in gardens for its scented flowers and ground-covering abilities in shady locations. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[26][27] In favourable conditions it can form large colonies.

Various kinds and cultivars are grown, including those with double flowers, rose-colored flowers, variegated foliage and ones that grow larger than the typical species.[16]

C. majalis 'Albostriata' has white-striped leaves
C. majalis 'Green Tapestry', 'Haldon Grange', 'Hardwick Hall', 'Hofheim', 'Marcel', 'Variegata' and 'Vic Pawlowski's Gold' are other variegated cultivars[16]
C. majalis 'Berlin Giant' and C. majalis 'Géant de Fortin' (syn. 'Fortin's Giant') are larger-growing cultivars[16]
C. majalis 'Flore Pleno' has double flowers.[16]
C. majalis 'Rosea' sometimes found under the name C. majalis var. rosea, has pink flowers.[16]

Traditionally Convallaria majalis has been grown in pots and winter forced to provide flowers during the winter months, both for as potted plants and as cut flowers.[28]
Chemistry

Roughly 38 different cardiac glycosides (cardenolides) – which are highly toxic if consumed by humans or animals – occur in the plant, including:[8][9][29]

convallarin
convallamarin
convallatoxin
convallotoxoloside
convallosid
neoconvalloside
glucoconvalloside
majaloside
convallatoxon
corglycon
cannogenol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside
cannogenol-3-O-β-D-allomethyloside
cannogenol-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-β-D-glucoside,
cannogenol-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-rhamnoside,
strophanthidin-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-rhamnoside,
strophanthidin-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-arabinoside,
strophanthidin-3-O-α-L-rhamnosido-2-β-D-glucoside,
sarmentogenin-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-rhamnoside
sarmentogenin-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-guloside
19-hydroxy-sarmentogenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside,
19-hydroxy-sarmentogenin
arabinosido-6-deoxyallose
lokundjoside

The odor of lily of the valley, specifically the ligand bourgeonal, was thought to attract mammalian sperm.[30] The 2003 discovery of this phenomenon prompted research into odor reception,[31] but a 2012 study demonstrated instead that at high concentrations, bourgeonal imitated the role of progesterone in stimulating sperm to swim (chemotaxis), a process unrelated to odor reception.[32]
Toxicology

All parts of the plant are potentially poisonous, including the red berries which may be attractive to children.[8][9][33] If ingested, the plant can cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and irregular heartbeats.[29]
Uses
Perfume

In 1956, the French firm Dior produced a fragrance simulating lily of the valley, which was Christian Dior's favorite flower. Diorissimo was designed by Edmond Roudnitska.[34] Although it has since been reformulated, it is considered a classic.[34][35] Because no natural aromatic extract can be produced from lily of the valley, its scent must be recreated synthetically; while Diorissimo originally achieved this with hydroxycitronellal, the European Chemicals Agency now considers it a skin sensitizer and its use has been restricted.[36][37]

Other perfumes imitating or based on the flower include Henri Robert's Muguet de Bois (1936),[38] Penhaligon's Lily of the Valley (1976),[34] and Olivia Giacobetti's En Passant (2000).[34]
Weddings and other celebrations
Catherine Middleton with bridal bouquet featuring lily of the valley

Lily of the valley has been used in weddings[39] and can be very expensive.[40] Lily of the valley was featured in the bridal bouquet at the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton.[40][41] Lily of the valley was also the flower chosen by Princess Grace of Monaco to be featured in her bridal bouquet.[citation needed]

At the beginning of the 20th century, it became tradition in France to sell lily of the valley on international Labour Day, 1 May (also called La Fête du Muguet (Lily of the Valley Day) by labour organisations and private persons without paying sales tax (on that day only) as a symbol of spring.[42]

Lily of the valley is worn in Helston (Cornwall, UK) on Flora Day (8 May each year, see Furry Dance) representing the coming of "the May-o" and the summer. There is also a song sung in pubs around Cornwall (and on Flora Day in Cadgwith, near Helston) called "Lily of the Valley"; the song, strangely, came from the Jubilee Singers from Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee.[43]
Folk medicine

The plant has been used in folk medicine for centuries.[44] There is a reference to "Lilly of the valley water" in Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Kidnapped where it is said to be "good against the Gout", and that it "comforts the heart and strengthens the memory" and "restores speech to those that have the dumb palsey".[45] There is no scientific evidence that lily of the valley has any effective medicinal uses for treating human diseases.[8][29]
Cultural symbolism

The lily of the valley was the national flower of Yugoslavia,[46] and it also became the national flower of Finland in 1967.[47]

In the "language of flowers", the lily of the valley signifies the return of happiness.[39]
Myths

The name "lily of the valley", like its correspondences in some other European languages, is apparently a reference to the phrase "lily of the valleys" (sometimes also translated as "lily of the valley") in Song of Songs 2:1 (שׁוֹשַׁנַּת הָעֲמָקִים).[48] European herbalists' use of the phrase to refer to a specific plant species seems to have appeared relatively late in the 16th[49] or 15th century.[50] The New Latin term convallaria (coined by Carl Linnaeus) and, for example, Swedish name liljekonvalj derives from the corresponding phrase lilium convallium in the Vulgate.
In culture

The flower is the theme of the titular poem by Paul Laurence Dunbar.[51]
Tchaikovsky wrote the poem "Lilies of the Valley" (Ландыши) in December 1878 while in Florence.[52]
In Anton Chekhov's "A Doctor's Visit" drops of convallaria are mentioned as medicine.
"Lilies of the Valley" is a 1916 Marc Chagall painting.[53]
The 46th episode of the television series Breaking Bad showcases the lily of the valley's use as a poison.[54]
In 2022 the lily of the valley, as reputedly Queen Elizabeth II's favourite flower, was the theme of a poem "Floral Tribute" by the poet laureate, Simon Armitage, written in memory of the Queen and published in the week after her death.[55]

Gallery

Convallaria close-up

Convallaria close-up
Convallarias in Kemi in early June

Convallarias in Kemi in early June
Moldovan stamp

Moldovan stamp
Finnish 10 penny coin with the Convallaria engraving

Finnish 10 penny coin with the Convallaria engraving
1 May, by Franz Xaver Winterhalter

1 May, by Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Lunner (Norway) municipal coat of arms

Lunner (Norway) municipal coat of arms

See also

List of plants known as lily

References

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"Invasive Species Photo Gallery - Wisconsin DNR". dnr.wi.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
"lily of the valley: Convallaria majalis (Liliales: Liliaceae): Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States". www.invasiveplantatlas.org. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
"Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
"ITIS Standard Report Page: Convallaria majuscula". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
"Lily of the valley: Guide to Poisonous Plants". Colorado State University. 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
"Lily of the valley: Safe and Poisonous Garden Plants". University of California. 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
Cockayne, Thomas Oswald (1864). Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England: Being a Collection of Documents, for the Most Part Never Before Printed, Illustrating the History of Science in this Country Before the Norman Conquest. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green. pp. 121. "glovewort."
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OHARA, MASASHI; ARAKI, KIWAKO; YAMADA, ETSUKO; KAWANO, SHOICHI (2006). "Life-history monographs of Japanese plants. 6: Convallaria keiskei Miq. (Convallariaceae)". Plant Species Biology. Wiley. 21 (2): 119–126. doi:10.1111/j.1442-1984.2006.00157.x. ISSN 0913-557X.
Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 132–136, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
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A. S. Weakley does not list green midribs among the distinctive characteristics of C. pseudomajalis, as he calls this taxon. – Weakley, A. S. (2020). Flora of the southeastern United States. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden. p. 281. (Download page)
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Vandepitte, Katrien; De Meyer, Tim; Jacquemyn, Hans (February 2013). "The impact of extensive clonal growth on fine-scale mating patterns: a full paternity analysis of a lily-of-the-valley population (Convallaria majalis)". Annals of Botany. 111 (4): 623–628. doi:10.1093/aob/mct024. PMC 3605957. PMID 23439847.
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Marc Spehr; Günter Gisselmann; Alexandra Poplawski; Jeffrey A. Riffell; Christian H. Wetzel; Richard K. Zimmer; Hanns Hatt (2003). "Identification of a Testicular Odorant Receptor Mediating Human Sperm Chemotaxis". Science. 299 (5615): 2054–8. Bibcode:2003Sci...299.2054S. doi:10.1126/science.1080376. PMID 12663925. S2CID 45306091. Retrieved 24 June 2012.

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For example ScienceDaily 2007
Christoph Brenker; Normann Goodwin; Ingo Weyand; Nachiket D Kashikar; Masahiro Naruse; Miriam Krähling; Astrid Müller; U Benjamin Kaupp; Timo Strünker (2012). "The CatSper channel: a polymodal chemosensor in human sperm". The EMBO Journal. 31 (7): 1654–1665. doi:10.1038/emboj.2012.30. PMC 3321208. PMID 22354039. See also ScienceMag article
"Poisonous plants: Lily of the valley". Ontario Poison Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children. 2015.
"Lily of the Valley Perfumes". Vogue slideshow.
Patty. "Best Lily of the Valley Perfume – Muguet Guide". Perfume Posse, April 8, 2013.
Turin, Luca; Sanchez, Tania (2018). Perfumes: The Guide 2018. Tallinn: Perfüümista ÖÜ. p. 304. ISBN 978-9949-88-553-4.
"Substance Infocard: 7-hydroxycitronellal". European Chemicals Agency.
Morris, Edwin T. (1984). Fragrance : A story of perfume from Cleopatra to Chanel. New York: Scribners. ISBN 978-0684181950.
"Wedding Traditions & Trivia". Archived from the original on 2012-07-15. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
Lily of the Valley Stars in Royal Bridal Bouquet
Balcony kisses seal royal wedding
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See also Shoshanat HaAmakim village
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"'Breaking Bad' Face Off (TV Episode 2011)". IMDb (Plot Summary). Retrieved 15 July 2022.
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