Conospermum

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Ordo: Proteales

Familia: Proteaceae
Subfamilia: Proteoideae
Tribus: Conospermeae
Subtribus: Conosperminae
Genus: Conospermum
Species: C. acerosum – C. amoenum – C. boreale – C. brachyphyllum – C. bracteosum – C. brownii – C. burgessiorum – C. caeruleum – C. canaliculatum – C. capitatum – C. cinereum – C. coerulescens – C. crassinervium – C. croniniae – C. densiflorum – C. distichum – C. eatoniae – C. ellipticum – C. elongatum – C. ephedroides – C. ericifolium – C. filifolium – C. flexuosum – C. floribundum – C. galeatum – C. glumaceum – C. hookeri – C. huegelii – C. incurvum – C. leianthum – C. longifolium – C. microflorum – C. mitchellii – C. multispicatum – C. nervosum – C. paniculatum – C. patens – C. petiolare – C. polycephalum – C. quadripetalum – C. scaposum – C. sigmoideum – C. spectabile – C. sphacelatum – C. stoechadis – C. taxifolium – C. tenuifolium – C. teretifolium – C. toddii – C. triplinervium – C. undulatum – C. unilaterale – C. wycherleyi
Name

Conospermum Sm. (1798)

Type species: Conospermum longifolium Sm. Exot. Bot. 2: 45. (1805)

References

Smith, J.E. 1798. Trans. Linn. Soc. London 4: 213.
International Plant Names Index. 2015. Conospermum. Published online. Accessed: Mar. 1 2015.
Tropicos.org 2015. Conospermum. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2015 Mar. 1.
Conospermum in: Australian Plant Census (APC) 2018. IBIS database, Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria. Accessed: 2018 Feb. 26.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Conospermum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 08-Apr-12.
GBIFː Conospermum

Conospermum is a genus of about 50 species in the family Proteaceae that are endemic to Australia. Members of the genus are known as smokebushes - from a distance, their wispy heads of blue or grey flowers resemble puffs of smoke. They have an unusual pollination method that sometimes leads to the death of visiting insects. They are found in all Australian states, though most occur only in Western Australia. Smokebushes are rarely cultivated, though the flowers of several Western Australian species are harvested for the cut flower industry.

Description

Conospermum species are shrubs or small trees ranging in height from 0.3 metres (1 ft) to 4 metres (10 ft). The leaves are usually simple, linear or egg-shaped and have margins without teeth. The flowers have both male and female parts, are arranged in heads or spikes of a few to many flowers and are white pink, blue, grey or cream-coloured. The fruit is a small nut usually with a fringe of hairs at its base.[1][2]
Taxonomy and naming

The genus was first formally described by James Edward Smith in 1798 and the description was published in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London.[3][4] The name (Conospermum) is from the Ancient Greek words κῶνος (kônos) meaning "cone"[5]: 227  and σπέρμα (spérma) meaning “seed"[5]: 736  referring to the shape of the nut.[1] Members of the genus are commonly known as smokebushes due to the grey flowers resembling smoke arising off the plant.[6] The type species is the long leaf smokebush (C. longifolium),[7] though Smith did not get around to describing it until 1806.[6]

Australian botanists Lawrie Johnson and Barbara Briggs placed Conospermum in the subtribe Conosperminae along with the genus Synaphea in their 1975 monograph "On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family".[8] Molecular evidence confirmed the two genera are each other's closest relatives.[9]
Distribution and habitat

Conospermum species are found in all mainland Australian states. Most species occur in the south-west of Western Australia but 6 species occur in New South Wales and one in Tasmania.[10][11]
Ecology

Members of this genus have flowers that are pollinated by insects.[1] The flowers are unusual in that when they open, the style is compressed. When an insect lands on the flower, the style flicks from one side of the flower to the other, at the same time collecting pollen and adding adhesive to the insect. The fertile anthers then "explode" dusting the insect with pollen.[12][13][14] The force of the "flick" can kill small ants and flies. Some bees in the genus Leioproctus (L. conospermi, L. pappus and L. tomentosus) feed exclusively on one or two species of Conospermum obtaining both nectar and pollen. Some appear to be camouflaged, having white eyes, milky-coloured wings and bodies covered with white hair.[14] Leioproctus can be considered as closely co-evolved. Other bees are too large to fit inside the unscented tubular flowers of Conospermum, According to a 2020 paper, ant pollination, which is quite rare in plants, is a key component of Conospermum pollination because the plant has overcome the ant's antimicrobial defenses. "Although ants were generalist visitors, they carried a pollen load with 68–86 % of suitable grains. Moreover, ants significantly contributed to the seed set of C. undulatum."[15][16]
Use in horticulture

Although not common in horticulture, some members of the genus Conospermum, especially the Western Australian smoke bushes are particularly attractive. The western species are difficult to propagate and the eastern ones are not of great horticultural potential.[17]

Four species—summer smokebush (C. crassinervium), plume smokebush (C. incurvum), common smokebush (C. stoechadis) and tree smokebush (C. triplinervium)—are used in the cut flower industry. Mostly harvested from the wild, they are difficult to cultivate,[6] although information on growing 6 species on a commercial scale is available.[18]
Species

Conospermum acerosum
Conospermum amoenum
Conospermum boreale
Conospermum brachyphyllum
Conospermum bracteosum
Conospermum brownii
Conospermum burgessiorum
Conospermum caeruleum
Conospermum canaliculatum
Conospermum capitatum
Conospermum cinereum
Conospermum coerulescens
Conospermum crassinervium
Conospermum croniniae
Conospermum densiflorum
Conospermum distichum
Conospermum eatoniae
Conospermum ellipticum
Conospermum ephedroides
Conospermum ericifolium
Conospermum filifolium
Conospermum flexuosum
Conospermum floribundum
Conospermum galeatum
Conospermum glumaceum
Conospermum hookeri
Conospermum huegelii
Conospermum incurvum
Conospermum leianthum
Conospermum longifolium
Conospermum microflorum
Conospermum mitchellii
Conospermum multispicatum
Conospermum nervosum
Conospermum paniculatum
Conospermum patens
Conospermum petiolare
Conospermum polycephalum
Conospermum quadripetalum
Conospermum scaposum
Conospermum sigmoideum
Conospermum spectabile
Conospermum sphacelatum
Conospermum stoechadis
Conospermum taxifolium
Conospermum tenuifolium
Conospermum teretifolium
Conospermum toddii
Conospermum triplinervium
Conospermum undulatum
Conospermum unilaterale
Conospermum wycherleyi

References

"Conospermum". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
Corrick, Margaret G.; Fuhrer, Bruce A. (2009). Wildflowers of southern Western Australia (3rd ed.). Kenthurst, N.S.W.: Rosenberg Pub. p. 159. ISBN 9781877058844.
"Conospermum". APNI. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
Smith, James Edward (1798). "The Characters of Twenty New Genera of Plants". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 4: 213–214. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Wrigley, John; Fagg, Murray (1991). Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas. Sydney, New South Wales: Angus & Robertson. pp. 132–33. ISBN 978-0-207-17277-9.
Bennett, Eleanor Marion. "Conospermum Sm". Flora of Australia Online. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
L. A. S. Johnson and Briggs, B. G. (1975). "On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family". Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Botany. 70 (2): 83–182. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01644.x.
Weston, Peter H.; Barker, Nigel P. (2006). "A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera". Telopea. 11 (3): 314–44. doi:10.7751/telopea20065733.
Mackay, David. "Genus Conospermum". Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney:Plantnet. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
Jordan, Greg. "Conospermum". University of Tasmania. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
Carolin, Roger (1961). "Pollination of the Proteaceae" (PDF). Australian Museum Magazine. 13 (11): 371–374. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
Stone, Lynley M. (2003). "Floral biology and propagation of blue-flowered Conospermum species" (PDF). PhD Thesis: 4. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
Houston, Terry F. (1989). "Leioproctus bees associated with Western Australian smoke bushes (Conospermum spp.) and their adaptations for foraging and concealment". Records of the Western Australian Museum. 14 (3): 275–292. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
"Bees? Please. These plants are putting ants to work". phys.org. Retrieved 2020-06-11.
Delnevo, Nicola; van Etten, Eddie J.; Clemente, Nicola; Fogu, Luna; Pavarani, Evelina; Byrne, Margaret; Stock, William D. "Pollen adaptation to ant pollination: a case study from the Proteaceae". Annals of Botany. doi:10.1093/aob/mcaa058. PMC 7424750.
Wrigley, John W.; Fagg, Murray (1983). Australian native plants : a manual for their propagation, cultivation and use in landscaping (2nd ed.). Sydney: Collins. pp. 200–201. ISBN 978-0002165754.
"Smokebush for cutflower production". Government of Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food. Retrieved 4 January 2016.